Jonathan Spyer, Director of Research at the Middle East Forum and a Jerusalem Post writer, dives into the complexities of the Syrian conflict. He discusses the precarious state of Assad’s regime post-ISIS and the swift territorial advances of Hayat Tahrir al-Sham. Spyer analyzes Kurdish dynamics amid American troop presence and Turkey’s strategic interests in the region. He also explores the potential ramifications of Assad's collapse for Iranian influence and the broader Middle East landscape.
The insurgency in Syria has led to a critical power shift with Hayat Tahrir al-Sham gaining significant territory, challenging the Assad regime's stability.
The complex dynamics of foreign involvement, particularly from Russia, Iran, and Turkey, heavily influence the ongoing conflict and future outcomes in Syria.
Deep dives
Changes in Syrian Control Since ISIS Defeat
Since the defeat of ISIS in late 2019, Syria has effectively been divided into three areas of control, each backed by external powers. The Assad regime, supported by Russia and Iran, controls a significant portion of territory, while the U.S. has backed Syrian Kurdish forces east of the Euphrates. Meanwhile, a gathering of Sunni Arab and Islamist rebels operates in the northwest under Turkish oversight. Recent military offensives led by Hayat Tahrir al-Sham (formerly Jabhat al-Nusra) have dramatically changed the landscape, culminating in the swift conquest of Aleppo province, marking a significant shift in the balance of power in the region.
The Current Situation of the Assad Regime
Although the Assad regime is not on the verge of collapse, it faces a critical juncture as its territorial losses mount. The rapid gains by Hayat Tahrir al-Sham have raised concerns about the potential for a significant restructuring of power dynamics in Syria. If Homs and other key locations fall to the rebels, the regime could find itself isolated, with crucial supply lines severed. The need for urgent intervention from allies such as Iran and Russia becomes imperative to avert a catastrophic decline for Assad.
The Complex Role of Hayat Tahrir al-Sham
Hayat Tahrir al-Sham, under the leadership of Abu Muhammad al-Jolani, has evolved significantly from its origins linked to Al-Qaeda. The group has created a de facto governance in Idlib, allowing for some moderated social policies compared to more extreme factions, yet its ideological roots remain troubling. Instances of harsh rhetoric and ideology towards minorities like Yazidis suggest that the underlying extremism is still present. The organization's recent advances bring to question its future intentions, particularly as they relate to Israel and broader regional stability.
Implications for Regional and Global Powers
The rise of Sunni Islamist forces in Syria poses significant challenges for regional powers like Iran and Russia, which heavily backed the Assad regime. Should the regime fall, it would dramatically alter Iran's influence and open a pathway for insurgent groups to gain footholds. For the U.S. and Israel, neither a weakened Assad regime nor a strengthened Islamist group would be favorable outcomes. A divided Syria could serve as a buffer, but a new radical regime would likely threaten stability, requiring careful navigation from outside powers.
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