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When Survivors Ask Who Pays
- Facing mass political violence forces survivors to ask who should be punished and why.
- That moral question framed Nakam's vengeance debate after the Holocaust.
Kovner's Early Family Trauma
- Abba Kovner was born in 1918 in Subastopol into an orthodox, cultured Jewish family.
- His father was an antique jewellery appraiser who later got arrested by Soviet secret police in 1922.
Youth Movements As Survival Strategy
- Many Eastern European Jewish youths embraced Zionist and socialist movements as survival and identity strategies.
- These movements mixed paramilitary training, culture, and plans to emigrate to Palestine.