French troops face challenges in the desert, including lack of water and deceptive mirages. Soldiers struggle with desperation but find relief in Damanur. Napoleon takes control and addresses discontent among officers. French army successfully repels Mamluk cavalry charge. Battle of the Pyramids is a decisive French victory with theories of possible treachery. French capture Cairo but face blow from British navy.
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Quick takeaways
Despite facing hardships and discontent, Napoleon's army managed to conquer Cairo, marking a turning point in the campaign.
The Battle of Imbaba showcased the French army's superior firepower and disciplined squares, solidifying their control over Cairo.
Deep dives
Napoleon's Army Marches towards Cairo
After landing in Egypt and seizing Alexandria, Napoleon's army faced its first challenge in expanding their foothold and gaining access to the Nile River. The French troops faced a lack of water, and some soldiers resorted to drinking from the Nile, leading to illness and even death. However, the soldiers pressed on, with one column facing particularly harsh conditions in the desert. Despite the hardships, the army of the Orient managed to reach Damanur, where they finally found water and relief.
The Hardships of the March and Anger Among the Officers
The march towards Cairo proved to be extremely challenging, with the army suffering from dehydration, lack of food, and harsh desert conditions. Many soldiers died during this phase of the campaign, raising anger and frustration among the officers. A gathering of officers in General Dumas's tent took place, where criticism of the campaign and Napoleon's ambitions emerged. Napoleon, aware of the discontent, reprimanded Dumas publicly. His actions and speech to the army aimed to rally them and emphasize that their hardships would not end until they reached Cairo.
The Battle of Imbaba and the Retreat of the Mamluks
The Battle of Imbaba, famously known as the Battle of the Pyramids, pitted Napoleon's army against the Mamluk forces. The French utilized their superior firepower and disciplined squares to repel the Mamluk cavalry charges, while storming the fortified town of Imbaba. Ultimately, the Mamluks were defeated, with many fleeing the battlefield or drowning in the Nile. The victory solidified the French control over Cairo and marked a turning point in the campaign.
Controversy and Potential Treachery Among the Mamluks
There is speculation that Ibrahim Bey, the Mamluk deputy commander, may have intentionally held back his forces during the Battle of Imbaba. This led to the devastation of Mirad Bey's forces and Ibrahim Bey's subsequent withdrawal with an intact army. This sparked theories of treachery and internal rivalries within the Mamluk ranks. Despite the victory, Napoleon faced challenges in maintaining control and navigating the complex politics of Egypt.
The Army of the Orient pushes deeper into Egypt and learns painful lessons about life and death in the desert. Napoleon clamps down on discontent and rallies the army to win a skirmish at Shubra Khit and a major engagement at the so-called "Battle of the Pyramids," clearing the way to Cairo.