Persistent Pastoralism: Monuments and Settlements in the Archaeology of Dhofar
Dec 7, 2024
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Joy McCorriston, an archaeologist and professor at Ohio State University, dives into the intriguing world of pastoralists in Dhofar, Oman. She discusses how these communities built monuments over 7,500 years, serving as gathering places and markers of social identity. Joy shares fascinating archaeological insights into burial practices and communal activities that showcase the resilience of pastoralism amidst agricultural advancements. The conversation highlights the significance of these monuments in linking dispersed households and maintaining cultural ties.
The construction of monuments by ancient pastoralists in Dhofar served as vital social and ritualistic hubs, connecting dispersed households over millennia.
Despite the viability of agriculture, pastoralism persisted in Dhofar due to deeply rooted cultural values and community resilience throughout history.
Deep dives
Geography and Climate of Dofar
Dofar is characterized by its unique geography, situated in the southernmost region of Oman near the Yemeni border. This area features a diverse climate with a summer monsoon that fosters a rare environment, including a dense cloud forest that resembles those found in more temperate regions. The high levels of plant endemism in Dofar, due to its distinctive weather conditions, lead to rich grazing lands crucial for pastoralists. This rich ecological setting has supported pastoralist life for thousands of years, allowing communities to graze cattle in a landscape that alternates between lush growth and arid conditions.
Historical Pastoralism and Agricultural Transition
Research indicates that pastoralism has persisted in Dofar despite the potential for agricultural development, which became favorable around 5,000 years ago. During extensive excavations, it was observed that substantial stone structures built by pastoralists appeared approximately 500 years before the Common Era, but surprisingly, these communities later became more mobile. This raises questions about the reasons behind the rejection of agricultural practices, even amid opportunities for oasis-based farming. The evidence suggests that although agriculture was viable in the region, the established pastoral way of life continued to thrive, highlighting a distinct cultural persistence.
Social Networks and Monumental Practices
The examination of monuments and burial practices in Dofar reveals significant insights into the social networks of ancient pastoralists. Archaeological finds show that people often gathered in seasonal rituals involving animal sacrifices, which served not only as religious activities but also as means to maintain social ties and exchange valuable information among different herding families. These gatherings, marked by constructed stone platforms and burials, acted as focal points for community identity, allowing individuals to reaffirm connections and genealogies within the social landscape. This understanding emphasizes the importance of ritual practices and mutual support systems in sustaining the pastoralist way of life across generations.
Modern Continuities of Pastoralism
The research posits that while Dofar has undergone significant changes over the millennia, the essence of pastoralism persists in contemporary society. Even today, many local communities pride themselves on their herds, with cattle ownership serving as an important cultural marker, despite the economic viability of this practice. Many residents continue to maintain herds that exceed what the environment can naturally sustain, reflecting deep-rooted cultural values attached to pastoralism. This enduring commitment to pastoral lifestyle not only showcases a legacy from ancient practices but also highlights the adaptability and resilience of these communities amid changing environmental and economic conditions.
In the Dhofar region of southern Oman, pastoralists have constructed monuments in discrete pulses over the past 7,500 years. From small-scale stone burial markers to platforms to settlements, these constructions could have been used as sites of gathering, landmarks, mnemonic devices, and religious rituals. Dr. Joy McCorriston’s archaeological teamwork in the region investigates how mobile pastoralists used monuments to link dispersed households into broader social communities.
Over a broad swath of history from the Middle Neolithic ca. 5000 BC to the turn of the common era, their research tracks shifts in pastoralist lifestyles, social identities, and patterns of resource access and use, through pastoralists’ monuments. Despite and against these shifts, archaeological excavations show that pastoralism persisted in Dhofar even as agriculture developed. In this episode, Joy joins me to share the findings from her research in Dhofar and her insights into pastoralist monument-building and practices of mobility around monuments in ancient southern Oman.