The podcast explores Hannah Arendt's analysis of totalitarianism, focusing on Jews in society, the tension between being a pariah and assimilating, and the complex relationship between political and social anti-Semitism. It also delves into discrimination, assimilation, and vice, and highlights the essayistic nature of Arendt's writing.
Discrimination against Jews in society lays the foundation for the rise of political anti-Semitism.
As societies strive for social equality, discrimination and resentment can escalate into political anti-Semitism.
Deep dives
Social anti-Semitism and its political implications
The podcast discusses chapter three of Hannah Arendt's book 'The Origins of Totalitarianism'. This chapter focuses on social anti-Semitism and its political implications. Arendt argues that while social discrimination against Jews is not politically dangerous on its own, it lays the foundation for the rise of political anti-Semitism. She explores the concept of the Jew in society, distinguishing between different types of Jewishness, such as the assimilated pariah and the parvenu. Arendt also examines Benjamin Disraeli as a psychological type of Jew who embraces his Jewish privilege. She highlights the emergence of vice as a way to tolerate discrimination against Jews, and how this perception ultimately contributes to the political danger faced by Jews in the 20th century.
The danger of social equality and discrimination
In this episode, the podcast delves into Arendt's critique of social equality and discrimination. Arendt argues that as societies strive for social equality, the need for distinction between individuals and groups becomes more pronounced. This distinction leads to discrimination, with Jews being seen as different and lesser than the majority in 19th-century Europe. Arendt highlights the challenges faced by Jews in trying to assimilate into society while also maintaining their Jewish identity. She examines the psychological impact of assimilation demands and the societal fascination with the vices attributed to Jews. Arendt cautions that the pursuit of social equality can lead to resentment, inequality, and the potential for discrimination to escalate into political anti-Semitism.
The complex identity of the Jew
Another key focus of the podcast is the complex identity of the Jew. Arendt explores the contrasting societal perceptions of Jews, ranging from social outcasts to parvenus, and the expectations placed upon them. Jews were expected to assimilate while simultaneously distinguishing themselves as exceptional individuals. Arendt examines the concept of Jewishness as a psychological trait rather than just a religious or national identity. She also delves into the fascination and repulsion associated with Jewishness, which contributed to the discrimination faced by Jews in society. Arendt presents Benjamin Disraeli as an example of a Jew who embraced his psychological Jewishness and successfully navigated the anti-Semitic society of Great Britain.
The shift from social discrimination to political danger
The podcast highlights how social discrimination against Jews transformed into political anti-Semitism and the resulting danger. Arendt argues that the acceptance of Jews into society was not based on a positive perception of Jews. Instead, Jews were tolerated as fascinating figures with vices. This fascination with vice and the perception of Jewishness as a psychological trait created a dangerous environment. Arendt emphasizes that political anti-Semitism would not have escalated to the extent it did without prior social discrimination. She discusses the precarious position of Jews caught between being seen as vices and potential criminals, and how this led to the rise of political movements targeting Jews for persecution and oppression in 20th-century Europe.
This episode of Reading Hannah Arendt with Roger Berkowitz deals with Chapter 3 of Origins of Totalitarianism: The Jews and Society. Our podcast follows the book that we are reading in our current Virtual Reading Group (VRG), which meets weekly on Fridays at 1 PM EST. We are currently reading Arendt's classic analysis of the 20th century, The Origins of Totalitarianism. In Origins, Arendt tracks the rise of Fascism and Communism and explores what differentiates these regimes from past authoritarian systems.
THE HOST
Roger Berkowitz is Founder and Academic Director of the Hannah Arendt Center at Bard College. He is editor of The Perils of Invention: Lying, Technology, and the Human Condition and co-editor of Thinking in Dark Times: Hannah Arendt on Ethics and Politics (2009), and Artifacts of Thinking: Reading Hannah Arendt's Denktagebuch (2017). Berkowitz edits HA: The Journal of the Hannah Arendt Center and the weekly newsletter Amor Mundi. He is the winner of the 2019 Hannah Arendt Prize for Political Thought given by the Heinrich Böll Foundation in Germany.
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