History of Japan Episode 602 - The Bureaucrats, Part 1
Nov 7, 2025
Explore Japan's unique bureaucratic history, shaped by Chinese influences and centralization efforts. Discover the contrast between American views and Japan's enduring system. Learn about the rise of meritocracy amid warrior governments and the fall of the Tokugawa era. Delve into the complexities of administrative reforms and how early Meiji leaders envisioned a merit-based bureaucracy. The narrative is rich with historical insights and highlights the tension between aristocratic power and central governance, setting the stage for modern bureaucratic evolution.
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Why China Created Durable Bureaucracies
- China developed centralized bureaucracies to govern large territories and counter powerful regional aristocracies.
- The Tang–Song evolution gave China meritocratic exams and a durable imperial administrative model that influenced East Asia.
Japan Adopted Chinese Forms, Not Full Meritocracy
- Japan adopted Chinese-style bureaucracy (Ritsuryo) in the 7th–8th centuries to centralize imperial power.
- However, aristocratic control and patronage meant offices remained appointment-based, not truly meritocratic.
Heian Bureaucracy As Performative Procedure
- Ivan Morris described Heian decree procedures as a prodigious waste of time and effort full of ceremonial approvals.
- The example highlights how bureaucracy became bloated with ritual over practical governance.
