Episode CCXXXIII - The Rise of Diocles (Diocletian I)
Nov 20, 2024
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Associate Professor Caillan Davenport, an expert in Roman history, discusses the intriguing rise of Diocletian, an emperor with humble origins who transformed Rome into a franchise opportunity. The conversation highlights Diocletian's military strategies and his pivotal partnership with Maximian, showcasing their unique co-emperor dynamic during a troubled time. Davenport also explores how oratorical skills were crucial in shaping imperial identity, especially against the backdrop of early Christian tensions and the Great Persecution.
Diocletian's rise to power, marked by a significant name change, reflected his strategic approach to establish authority and stability in a crisis-ridden Rome.
The introduction of Maximian as co-emperor showcased Diocletian's vision for a collaborative governance model to effectively address the empire's multifaceted challenges.
Deep dives
The Unremarkable Origins of Diocletian
Diocletian, originally named Gaius Valerius Diocles, rose to prominence from unremarkable beginnings, with a background likely linked to the Danubian military elite. His military career began under Emperor Carus, and after taking decisive action by killing the Praetorian prefect Appa, he was proclaimed emperor in 284 AD. This transition marked a significant shift in power dynamics, as Diocletian recognized the challenges facing Rome and sought to create a stable administration amidst threats. His rise also came with a name change to Diocletian, a move that helped redefine his imperial identity and emphasize his authority as an emperor.
The Great Persecution and Hostile Sources
The Great Persecution, which started in 303 AD, established Diocletian as a controversial figure, particularly among Christians who suffered significant oppression during his reign. Historical accounts, particularly from authors like Lactantius and Eusebius, provide contrasting perspectives on Diocletian's rule, reflecting the animosity stemming from the persecution of Christians. Lactantius, an eyewitness to contemporaneous events, described the grisly fates of pagan persecutors in his works while giving insight into Diocletian's governance. These sources are critical for understanding the political and religious climate of Diocletian’s time, despite their inherent biases against him.
A New Partnership: The Tetrarchy
Diocletian strategically appointed Maximian as co-emperor in 285 AD, creating a partnership that would facilitate more efficient governance across the Roman Empire. This decision reflected the need to quell revolts and defend multiple frontiers simultaneously, which had become increasingly necessary in the tumultuous late-third century. Both emperors undertook significant military campaigns, with Maximian addressing rebellions and invasions in the West while Diocletian focused on securing the Eastern front. This division of labor and the promotion of a fraternal ideology between the two established a new model for imperial rule and governance in response to the empire's vast challenges.
The man who would be the Emperor Diocletian was of unremarkable origins. Quick to recognise the challenges of Rome, he moved to set it up as a franchise opportunity. This worked when nothing else did, and to many he was the most successful Roman emperor in an age. Just don’t ask the Christians…
Part I of Diocletian
Guest:
Associate Professor Caillan Davenport (Head of the Centre for Classical Studies at the Australian National University)
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