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The Backsliders: Why Leaders Undermine Their Own Democracies

Dec 7, 2025
Susan C. Stokes, a distinguished political scientist from the University of Chicago, discusses the alarming trend of democratic backsliding. She reveals how elected leaders often undermine their own democracies, driven by structural opportunities and political incentives. Stokes critiques global patterns and a shared playbook among backsliders, emphasizing the crucial role of public resistance and institutional support. She also probes the difficult choices pro-democracy actors face—whether to uphold ethical norms or employ tough tactics to defend democracy.
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INSIGHT

How Structural Shifts Fuel Ethno-Nationalism

  • Structural changes and globalization left working-class voters politically orphaned in many advanced democracies.
  • That gap enabled right-wing ethno-nationalist parties to combine economic nationalism with blaming ethnic or migrant 'others' and gain support.
INSIGHT

The Universal Backsliding Playbook

  • Backsliding tactics follow a depressingly consistent playbook across regions.
  • Leaders target independent press, courts, opposition parties, legislatures, and civil society to hollow out democracy.
ADVICE

Slow, Legal, Institutional Pushback

  • Use institutional delay and procedural expertise to slow aggrandizing moves and buy time for counter-mobilization.
  • Sanction professionals who enable erosion and rely on legal challenges to block unconstitutional actions.
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