

Nat Dyer, "Ricardo’s Dream: How Economists Forgot the Real World and Led Us Astray" (Bristol UP, 2024)
Apr 28, 2025
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Ricardo's Theory vs. Real Trade
- Ricardo's theory of comparative advantage claims trade is win-win even if one country is less efficient in all products.
- The real historical trade between England and Portugal showed exploitation involving colonial gold and slavery, contradicting the model's simplicity.
Portugal's Trade Deficit Story
- Portugal had a persistent trade deficit with England despite Ricardo's theory.
- This deficit was offset by gold from Brazil, mined by enslaved Africans, revealing hidden exploitation behind trade.
Naive Globalization Beliefs
- The 1990s and 2000s belief in globalization as universally beneficial was naive.
- Free trade was often justified by Ricardo's legacy, sidelining the 'losers' and deeper social issues.