James T. White and John Punter, "Condoland: The Planning, Design, and Development of Toronto's CityPlace" (UBC Press, 2023)
Dec 1, 2024
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James T. White, a Professor of Planning and Urban Design at the University of Glasgow, shares insights on Toronto's CityPlace, the city's largest residential megaproject. He reveals how political and economic shifts influenced its development, drawing parallels with Vancouver's urban model. The conversation explores design governance, the impact of investor-driven trends on housing, and the challenges of creating sustainable urban environments. With a focus on community versus profit, White highlights urgent questions for the future of urban planning.
The authors explore the historical transformation of Toronto's City Place, emphasizing challenges in balancing urban design and market demands over four decades.
Condoland critiques the shift from state-led affordable housing to market-driven condo developments, highlighting potential socioeconomic divides in urban communities.
The discussion reveals the importance of public engagement and stringent design guidelines in urban planning to ensure community needs are prioritized over developer profits.
Deep dives
Background and Research Trajectory
Dr. James White's journey into urban planning and design began with his fascination for architecture and city dynamics, which led to his studies in planning and urban design at Cardiff University and subsequently a PhD in Vancouver. His initial interest in Canadian urbanism drove him to investigate the waterfront in Toronto, observing intriguing parallels between buildings in Toronto and those celebrated in Vancouver. This exploration gave rise to his co-authored book, which investigates how urban design concepts travel between cities, particularly the Vancouver model and its implementation in Toronto's City Place. His research reflects a focus on sustainable urban development and the governance processes that shape high-rise residential environments.
Understanding City Place's Urban Context
City Place is located in Toronto and was once a bustling railway marshalling yard before becoming a prime development site nestled between the CN Tower and the waterfront, which has undergone significant transformation since the 1960s. Toronto's historical urban landscape features a stark contrast between high-density clusters of high-rise buildings and low-density neighborhoods, leading to urban sprawl. The unique planning context aimed to revitalize this previously industrial area into a mixed-use neighborhood, reflecting a need for improved residential spaces while catering to the economic demands of the city. The area has evolved over time, prompting various redevelopment waves culminating in a substantial boom in condominium developments in the early 2000s.
The Concept of Vertical Urbanization
Vertical urbanization describes the trend of utilizing condominiums as a means of urban intensification, addressing issues like suburban sprawl while creating higher-density living arrangements in city centers. This phenomenon has resulted in a shift in housing production, moving away from state-led affordable housing initiatives towards a market dominated by privately developed condominiums. The book critiques this transition, highlighting how it can undermine community inclusivity and exacerbate socioeconomic divides, as developers focus on profit-driven models that cater primarily to affluent residents. The emergence of vertical communities within private condominiums raises questions about urban governance and the sustainability of this housing approach in the long term.
Design Governance and City Place's Development
The interactions between public planners and private developers at City Place showcase the challenges of design governance, with decisions often driven by negotiations rather than strict regulatory frameworks. As development progressed, instances of 'planning by concession' emerged, where density and building heights increased without sufficient public benefits, leading to a significant discrepancy between planned and actual developments. City Place saw a dramatic rise in condominium units, far exceeding original projections, while the anticipated affordable housing units dwindled, underscoring the pitfalls of relying solely on market forces for urban development. This trend illustrates how a lack of stringent oversight can result in urban designs that ultimately serve developers' interests more than those of the community.
Reflections on Policy Learning and Future Directions
City Place serves as a learning case for Toronto's planners, highlighting the importance of incorporating lessons from past developments into future planning processes. As policy frameworks evolve, efforts to implement more stringent design guidelines and encourage community-engaged planning have emerged, although challenges remain due to varying political climates. Improving public transport infrastructure and addressing the privatization of urban amenities are crucial for enhancing the livability of dense urban settings. Dr. White's insights point towards a need for ongoing advocacy for public goods in urban spaces, emphasizing balanced governance that prioritizes community needs over profit-driven motives.
Casting an eye toward the frantic vertical urbanization of Toronto, Condoland: The Planning, Design, and Development of Toronto’s CityPlace (UBC, 2023) traces the forty-year history of the city’s largest residential megaproject. James T. White and John Punter summarize the tools used to shape Toronto’s built environment and critically explore the underlying political economy of planning and real estate development in the city.
Using detailed field studies, interviews with key actors, archival research, and with nearly two hundred illustrations, White and Punter reveal how a promise to reproduce Vancouverism, a celebrated model of Canadian urban development, unravelled under an alarmingly flexible approach to planning and design that is acquiescent to the demands of a rapacious development industry. Through a uniquely design-focused evaluation of a phenomenon increasingly known as “condo-ism,” Condoland raises key questions about the sustainability and long-term resilience of city planning.
James T. White is a professor of planning and urban design at the University of Glasgow, Scotland, and deputy director of the UK Collaborative Centre for Housing Evidence. His published work focuses on how the design of the built environment is shaped by policy, regulation, and the market in both UK and Canadian contexts.
This interview was conducted by Timi Koyejo, a graduate student in urban studies at the University of Vienna. He has worked professionally as a researcher at the University of Chicago and as an urban policy advisor to the City of Chicago.