
The New Bazaar Lessons of the Rare Earths Showdown
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Nov 14, 2025 Arnab Datta, Director of Infrastructure Policy at the Institute for Progress, dives into the U.S.-China rare earths showdown. He discusses how China gained leverage by dominating rare earth production and what this means for U.S. economic security. Datta highlights missed opportunities in market infrastructure and the need for urgent action to embrace competition and innovation. He proposes creating a Strategic Resilience Reserve (SRR) to stabilize markets and deepen alliances, emphasizing the importance of responding to supply chain vulnerabilities.
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China's Controls Were A Strategic Lever
- China used rare-earth export controls as a flexible negotiation and leverage tool against the U.S.
- That move revealed strategic vulnerabilities across defense and tech supply chains.
Rare Earths Are Critical And Concentrated
- Rare earths are essential inputs across defense and critical commercial sectors.
- China controls 70–90% of processing capacity, creating systemic global vulnerability.
How China Built Processing Dominance
- China built processing dominance with decades of state-directed industrial policy starting in the 1990s.
- They made refining the industrial anchor while other countries lost capacity and investment.
