Alistair Stewart and Jeff Burges from Web3 Foundation discuss their work on Polkadot and the use of zero knowledge proofs. They explore different proof designs, encryption considerations, privacy techniques, and design plans for messaging layer crypto and roll-up.
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Quick takeaways
Zero-knowledge proofs can be used to improve scalability for Parachains in the Polkadot ecosystem.
SPREE modules and zero-knowledge proofs enable cross-chain privacy-preserving token transfers in Polkadot.
Web3 Foundation is exploring the integration of Mixnets for metadata privacy in Polkadot and actively engaging in grants and collaborations.
Deep dives
Incorporating Zero-Knowledge Proofs in Polkadot
Zero-knowledge proofs are being explored and incorporated in various ways within the Polkadot design. One area of focus is on using sync proofs, similar to what Coda is doing, to allow Parachains to prove their correctness to validators. This could significantly improve scalability for Parachains. However, there are complexities in getting a state machine for a blockchain into a snark. The availability problem also needs to be addressed. Research is ongoing to determine the best approach and possible incentives for data availability. Grants may be provided to organizations working on these challenges.
Cross-Chain Privacy Preserving Token Transfers
Privacy is an important consideration in the Polkadot design. The use of SPREE modules and zero-knowledge proofs can enable cross-chain privacy-preserving token transfers. The SPREE module would function similarly to sharding in Zcash, allowing the proof of ownership of UTXOs to be verified across different chains. This would require trusting the other chains, but with Polkadot's interconnectedness, this trust can be established. Further exploration of integrating Mixnets into Polkadot and their use in preserving metadata privacy is ongoing.
Mixnets and Future Research
Mixnets are of interest to Web3 Foundation for their potential in providing metadata privacy. While the use of Mixnets in Polkadot's current design is not planned, research and development continue to explore the potential integration of Mixnets. The aim is to create a Mixnet that is correctly implemented, simpler than existing designs, and has an incentivization scheme that does not require users to pay. The Web3 Foundation is actively engaging in grants and collaborations to drive progress in this area.
The Design of a Random Block Producer Selection in Polkadot
Polkadot's block production has evolved to a new scheme called Sassafras, which addresses the problem of having a single point of failure with a block producer. Sassafras uses a VRF (Verifiable Random Function) to randomly select block producers without everyone knowing who they are. The scheme compromises on anonymity by having each producer produce a VRF output, which is then sorted to determine the block production order. To ensure anonymity, the VRF outputs are sent to a random person who then publishes them. This one-hop mixnet of publishing adds a level of anonymity while keeping the scheme simple and reducing bandwidth requirements.
Exploring Future Possibilities in Polkadot's Design
While Polkadot has implemented several important features, there are still areas of interest and exploration. One area is the study of roll-up designs, which can improve scalability by batching transactions. Another area is the messaging layer crypto, which is crucial for secure and private communication within the Polkadot ecosystem. The Messaging Layer Security project aims to design a group ratcheting scheme for messaging that could surpass existing solutions. Additionally, the potential for improving the efficiency of isogeny-based cryptography, as explored in the VDF scheme, could have broader implications for post-quantum cryptography. Overall, Polkadot continues to push the boundaries and explore new possibilities in its design.
In this week’s episode, we sit down with Alistair Stewart and Jeff Burges, researchers at the Web3 Foundation, to dig into what they are working on, what they are thinking about at the moment, and how zero knowledge proofs can be used throughout the Polkadot ecosystem.