Babbage: The science that built the AI revolution—part one
Mar 6, 2024
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The podcast explores the evolution of AI from early brain modeling to modern neural-inspired systems. It delves into the challenges of defining intelligence and the use of language models in machine learning. The progression of AI from perceptrons to deep neural networks is discussed, highlighting breakthroughs in the deep learning revolution.
The UK Biobank Imaging Study collects vast brain data for intelligence research, offering insights into human brain functions.
Early artificial neural networks advanced AI capabilities like speech recognition, with significant economic applications in banking.
Deep dives
UK Biobank Imaging Study: Insights from Brain Imaging Lab
The UK Biobank Imaging Study involves gathering around 9,000 brain images per participant, detailing brain structure, function, and blood flow. This vast dataset contributes approximately 2,500 variables per participant for researchers to analyze. The study aims to scan various body parts beyond brains, providing valuable insights into complex human brain functions and supporting intelligence research.
Evolution of Artificial Neural Networks: From Dumb Systems to Deep Learning
The evolution of artificial neural networks traces back to early models like the perceptron, with a breakthrough in the 1980s leading to the concept of deep neural networks. Initial systems were challenging to train due to simplicity, but with layered networks akin to the human brain's structure, these networks revolutionized AI capabilities. Scientists like Joshua Benjio explored neural net applications in speech and image recognition, pioneering significant economic applications such as check processing in banks.
Role of Rule-Based Systems and Chatbots in Early AI Development
In the early stages of AI, rule-based systems like ELIZA were developed, initiating human-machine interaction through basic language recognition. ELIZA's intuitive responses sparked conversations reflecting human inclination to anthropomorphize technologies. The limitations of such systems became evident, driving towards the creation of artificial neural networks and deep learning for more complex AI functionalities.
Challenges in Modeling Human Brain and Early AI Systems
Modeling the human brain within silicon systems presented significant challenges, leading researchers to focus on simplified neural models inspired by neuroscience. Initial trials focused on classifying patterns like characters and phonemes, showcasing the feasibility of neural nets for practical applications. Early neural network endeavors addressed real-world challenges such as check amount classification in banking, demonstrating the economic value of AI innovations.
What is intelligence? In the middle of the 20th century, the inner workings of the human brain inspired computer scientists to build the first “thinking machines”. But how does human intelligence actually relate to the artificial kind?
This is the first episode in a four-part series on the evolution of modern generative AI. What were the scientific and technological developments that took the very first, clunky artificial neurons and ended up with the astonishingly powerful large language models that power apps such as ChatGPT?
Host: Alok Jha, The Economist’s science and technology editor. Contributors: Ainslie Johnstone, The Economist’s data journalist and science correspondent; Dawood Dassu and Steve Garratt of UK Biobank; Daniel Glaser, a neuroscientist at London’s Institute of Philosophy; Daniela Rus, director of MIT’s Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory; Yoshua Bengio of the University of Montréal, who is known as one of the “godfathers” of modern AI.
On Thursday April 4th, we’re hosting a live event where we’ll answer as many of your questions on AI as possible, following this Babbage series. If you’re a subscriber, you can submit your question and find out more at economist.com/aievent.
If you’re already a subscriber to The Economist, you’ll have full access to all our shows as part of your subscription. For more information about how to access Economist Podcasts+, please visit our FAQs page or watch our video explaining how to link your account.
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