Robert Moses used a method of underestimating project costs to maintain control over state spending and ensure his projects' completion.
The growth and expansion of the New York subway system faced challenges such as financial shortfalls, clashing agendas, and battles with community groups.
Robert Moses's exclusionary architecture in designing Jones Beach Park demonstrates how urban design can be used to exclude certain groups from public spaces.
Deep dives
Building Parks and Exercising Soft Power
Robert Moses, as the chairman of the park commission, leverages his position to exercise power and control over the allocation of funds for public projects. By initially asking for less money than needed to start a project, he ensures that once the government has committed to funding it, they are essentially forced to continue providing the necessary funds for its completion. This method allows him to have significant control over state spending, even as an unelected leader, and ensures that his projects move forward without much opposition.
The Growth of the New York Subway System
During the early 1900s, the New York City subway system experienced major growth and expansion. This expansion lasted until the late 1940s, with subway lines rapidly extending into undeveloped areas of Manhattan and the outer boroughs. However, as the subway network grew, challenges such as financial shortfalls, clashing agendas, and battles with community groups arose. Despite these setbacks, the subway system became an impressive piece of public works, with ride ship peaking in 1948 with over two billion passengers.
The Damaging Impact on the New York Subway System
While the New York subway system initially thrived, its expansion and maintenance faced various obstacles over the years. Robert Moses played a role in hindering its development through his focus on other projects like parks, causing delays, financial shortfalls, and challenges in expanding the subway network. Over time, the system's growth slowed down, maintenance was neglected, and the infrastructure faced challenges. These issues continue to impact the efficiency and affordability of the subway system in modern times.
The Rise of the Mahdi and the Creation of the Condominium
In the late 1800s, a man claims to be the Mahdi, the messiah of Islam, and creates a rebellion against colonial forces. This leads to a brutal war in Sudan, crushed by Kitchener in the Battle of Omdurman. Kitchener establishes the Condominium, an Arab empire run by the British, blending native rule with British control. Bob Moses, as a young man, sees this system in Egypt and believes it is an ideal way to govern a multicultural society.
Robert Moses and the Exclusionary Architecture of Jones Beach Park
Robert Moses, a powerful figure in New York politics, becomes the chairman of the Long Island Commission on Parks and the State Council on Parks. He builds Jones Beach Park, but designs it to exclude racial minorities and low-income groups. His bridges and lack of public transportation make it difficult for those without cars to access the park. Moses's actions are seen as an example of exclusionary architecture, where urban design is used to keep certain groups out of public spaces.