Cyrus the Great

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Apr 10, 2025

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In this discussion, Lindsay Allen, a Senior Lecturer in Ancient Greek and Near Eastern History, Lynette Mitchell, a Professor Emerita in Classics, and Mateen Arghandehpour, a researcher at Oxford, delve into the intricate history of Cyrus the Great. They examine the dual nature of his legacy, contrasting his reputation as a liberator with his brutal conquests. The conversation highlights the significance of the Cyrus Cylinder, debates on its status as a human rights document, and how Cyrus's political strategies fostered tolerance and stability within his vast empire.

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ANECDOTE

Cyrus's Origin Story

Herodotus tells a story of Cyrus being abandoned as a baby and raised by a cowherd.
He eventually overthrows his grandfather, fulfilling a prophecy.

INSIGHT

Xenophon's Political Cyrus

Xenophon's portrayal of Cyrus focuses on ideal leadership, using him as an example.
He emphasizes securing willing obedience through rewards and punishments.

INSIGHT

Conquest of Sardis

Cyrus's conquest of Sardis involved a clever tactic: using camels to frighten the Lydian cavalry.
The horses shied away from the camels, leading to the Lydian defeat.

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Melvyn Bragg and guests explore the history and reputation of the Persian ruler Cyrus the Great. Cyrus the Second of Persia as he was known then was born in the sixth century BCE in Persis which is now in Iran. He was the founder of the first Persian Empire, the largest empire at that point in history, spanning more than two million square miles.

His story was told by the Greek historians Herodotus and Xenophon, and in the Hebrew bible he is praised for freeing the Jewish captives in Babylon.

But the historical facts are intertwined with fiction.

Cyrus proclaimed himself ‘king of the four corners of the world’ in the famous Cyrus Cylinder, one of the most admired objects in the British Museum. It’s been called by some the first bill of human rights, but that’s a label which has been disputed by most scholars today.

With

Mateen Arghandehpour, a researcher for the Invisible East Project at Oxford University,

Lindsay Allen, Senior Lecturer in Ancient Greek and Near Eastern History at King’s College London,

And

Lynette Mitchell, Professor Emerita in Classics and Ancient History at Exeter University.

Producer: Eliane Glaser

Reading list:

Pierre Briant (trans. Peter T. Daniels), From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire (Eisenbrauns, 2002)

John Curtis and Nigel Tallis (eds.), Forgotten Empire: The World of Ancient Persia (The British Museum Press, 2005)

Irving Finkel (ed.), The Cyrus Cylinder: The King of Persia’s Proclamation from Ancient Babylon (I.B.Tauris, 2013)

Lisbeth Fried, ‘Cyrus the Messiah? The Historical Background to Isaiah 45:1’ (Harvard Theological Review 95, 2002)

M. Kozuh, W.F. Henkelman, C.E. Jones and C. Woods (eds.), Extraction and Control: Studies in Honour of Matthew W. Stolper (Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, 2014), especially the chapter ‘Cyrus the Great, exiles and foreign gods: A comparison of Assyrian and Persian policies in subject nations’ by R. J. van der Spek

Lynette Mitchell, Cyrus the Great: A Biography of Kingship (Routledge, 2023)

Michael Roaf, Cultural Atlas of Mesopotamia and the Ancient Near East (Facts On File, 1990)

Vesta Sarkosh Curtis and Sarah Stewart (eds.), Birth of the Persian Empire (I.B.Tauris, 2005), especially the chapter ‘Cyrus the Great and the kingdom of Anshan’ by D.T. Potts

Matt Waters, King of the World: The Life of Cyrus the Great (Oxford University Press, 2022)

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