Georgios Varouxakis, "The West: The History of an Idea" (Princeton UP, 2025)

Oct 4, 2025

Georgios Varouxakis, a Professor of the history of political thought at Queen Mary University of London, dives into the fascinating evolution of the idea of ‘the West.’ He argues it emerged in the 1820s, with significant promotion by Auguste Comte, differentiating Western Europe from Russia amidst political needs. Varouxakis explores varied perspectives, including Kant's vision of a peaceful West, the impact of World War I on Western identity, and critiques from figures like James Baldwin, revealing the complexity of what 'the West' truly signifies.

Ask episode

AI Snips

Chapters

Books

Transcript

Episode notes

INSIGHT

'The West' Is A Modern Invention

The explicit self-designation 'the West' is a modern political invention emerging in the early 19th century.
Georgios Varouxakis traces its deliberate coinage to thinkers who wanted a term distinct from 'Europe' or 'Christendom'.

INSIGHT

First Uses Targeted Russia

Early uses of 'the West' aimed to distinguish Western Europe from Russia rather than from Asia or the Ottoman Empire.
The term arose from intra-European geopolitical concerns, especially fear of Russian expansion.

INSIGHT

Kant's West Was Pacifist And Anti-Imperial

Immanuel Kant helped theorize the West as a cohesive sociological entity with pacifist, anti-imperial aims.
His West aimed to abolish empires and expand by voluntary example rather than conquest.

Get the Snipd Podcast app to discover more snips from this episode

Get the app

How did “the West” come to be used as a collective self-designation signaling political and cultural commonality? When did “Westerners” begin to refer to themselves in this way? Was the idea handed down from the ancient Greeks, or coined by nineteenth-century imperialists? Neither, writes Georgios Varouxakis in The West: The History of an Idea (Princeton UP, 2025), his ambitious and fascinating genealogy of the idea. “The West” was not used by Plato, Cicero, Locke, Mill, or other canonized figures of what we today call the Western tradition. It was not first wielded by empire-builders. It gradually emerged as of the 1820s and was then, Varouxakis shows, decisively promoted in the 1840s by the French philosopher Auguste Comte (whose political project, incidentally, was passionately anti-imperialist). The need for the use of the term “the West” emerged to avoid the confusing or unwanted consequences of the use of “Europe.” The two overlapped, but were not identical, with the West used to differentiate from certain “others” within Europe as well as to include the Americas.

After examining the origins, Varouxakis traces the many and often astonishingly surprising changes in the ways in which the West has been understood, and the different intentions and consequences related to a series of these contested definitions. While other theories of the West consider only particular aspects of the concept and its history (if only in order to take aim at its reputation), Varouxakis’s analysis offers a comprehensive account that reaches to the present day, exploring the multiplicity of current, and not least, prospective future meanings. He concludes with an examination of how, since 2022, definitions and membership of the West have been reworked to consider Ukraine, as the evolution and redefinitions continue.

Georgios Varouxakis is professor of the history of political thought in the School of History at Queen Mary University of London and Codirector of the Centre for the Study of the History of Political Thought. He is the author of Mill on Nationality, Victorian Political Thought on France and the French, and Liberty Abroad: J. S. Mill on International Relations and the coauthor of Contemporary France.

Morteza Hajizadeh is a Ph.D. graduate in English from the University of Auckland in New Zealand. His research interests are Cultural Studies; Critical Theory; Environmental History; Medieval (Intellectual) History; Gothic Studies; 18th and 19th Century British Literature.

YouTube Channel: here

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/intellectual-history