Colossal 'jets' shooting from a black hole defy physicists' theories
Sep 18, 2024
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Astronomers reveal the largest black hole jets ever recorded, measuring a staggering 23 million light years. These colossal jets challenge existing theories about their size, hinting at more discoveries to come. Innovative fabrics designed to protect against mosquito bites and the fascinating role of islands in preserving unique languages are also discussed. Finally, a groundbreaking one-step method for producing metal alloys is presented, promising to reduce environmental impact and improve production efficiency.
The discovery of massive black hole jets exceeding previous size limits challenges existing theories and highlights their role in galaxy evolution.
A new, sustainable method for metal alloy production could significantly reduce emissions and improve quality compared to traditional multi-step processes.
Deep dives
The Discovery of Massive Black Hole Jets
Astronomers have discovered the largest black hole jet ever detected, measuring approximately 7 megaparsecs, or 23 million light years, in length. This finding surpassed previous theories that estimated black hole jets could only span a maximum of about 5 megaparsecs. The discovery highlights that as matter approaches the black hole, most is consumed, but some is ejected at nearly the speed of light, creating powerful jets that can influence the formation of stars in their galaxies. Essentially, these jets inhibit new star formation by heating and spreading the interstellar medium, thereby contributing to the galaxy's evolutionary dynamics.
Implications of Black Hole Jet Size for Galaxy Evolution
The newly identified jets not only set a record for size but also occurred in the early universe when conditions were denser than today. This suggests that such massive jets were more common during that time, indicating a significant impact on galaxy evolution as they could hinder star formation. Researchers also noted that the jet system being studied spans a third of a cosmic void, underscoring the vastness of black hole jets and their influence. The discovery challenges existing theories about the stability and size limitations of black hole jets, prompting a reevaluation of our understanding of cosmic phenomena.
One-Step Process for Sustainable Metal Alloy Production
A novel approach to metal alloy production has been introduced, which condenses the traditional multi-stage process into a single step, potentially reducing emissions significantly. This method utilizes hydrogen instead of carbon to reduce metal oxides, alongside appropriate mixing of ores to create desired alloys. Researchers demonstrated the effectiveness of this method through the production of Invar, a nickel-iron alloy widely used in various applications, achieving comparable or superior quality to traditionally processed alloys. The process could lead to up to 30% less carbon emissions in alloy manufacturing, depending on the sustainability of the hydrogen source utilized for reduction.
The Role of Islands in Language Diversity
A study analyzing nearly 1,200 languages has revealed that islands contribute significantly to global language diversity, despite comprising less than 1% of the Earth's inhabited areas. Researchers found that about 10% of the world's languages are endemic to islands, with more isolated islands hosting a higher likelihood of unique languages. The findings highlight that while island languages are not necessarily more endangered than those on the mainland, they play a critical role in preserving linguistic diversity. This emphasizes the importance of islands not just for biodiversity but also for sustaining cultural and linguistic richness.
Astronomers have spotted a pair of enormous jets emanating from a supermassive black hole with a combined length of 23 million light years — the biggest ever discovered. Jets are formed when matter is ionized and flung out of a black hole, creating enormous and powerful structures in space. Thought to be unstable, physicists had theorized there was a limit to how large these jets could be, but the new discovery far exceeds this, suggesting there may be more of these monstrous jets yet to be discovered.
12:26 A sustainable, one-step method for alloy production
Making metal alloys is typically a multi-step process that creates huge amounts of emissions. Now, a team demonstrates a way to create these materials in a single step, which they hope could significantly reduce the environmental burdens associated with their production. In a lab demonstration, they use their technique to create an alloy of nickel and iron called invar — a widely-used material that has a high carbon-footprint. The team show evidence that their method can produce invar to a quality that rivals that of conventional manufacturing, and suggest their technique is scalable to create alloys at an industrial scale.
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