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Minimal residual disease (MRD) or measurable residual disease is a term used to describe the refinement of tools used to measure residual disease in diseases like multiple myeloma. MRD can be measured through technologies like flow cytometry, next generation sequencing, or the measurement of residual monoclonal peptides in the serum of patients. MRD provides a more accurate description of the level of response to treatment, and studies have shown that the attainment of deep responses, including MRD negativity, leads to better long-term outcomes.