Anna Lora-Wainwright, "Resigned Activism: Living with Pollution in Rural China" (MIT Press, 2021)
Oct 20, 2024
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In this engaging discussion, Anna Lora-Wainwright, a Professor of Human Geography of China at Oxford, delves into the complexities of living with pollution in rural China. She introduces the concept of 'resigned activism'—a poignant blend of acceptance and subtle resistance among communities facing severe environmental challenges. Personal stories illuminate the emotional toll of pollution, while her research highlights the resilience of these communities. Lora-Wainwright critiques systemic inequalities and emphasizes the often-overlooked dignity and agency of individuals struggling against toxicity.
Resigned activism demonstrates how individuals in rural China engage in subtle resistance against pollution through everyday practices, despite feeling powerless.
Cultural expressions like 'may banfa' reflect the complex emotions of resignation and critique surrounding systemic failures related to environmental degradation.
Deep dives
The Concept of Resigned Activism
Resigned activism embodies the idea that individuals can engage in subtle forms of resistance and agency even when faced with environmental hardships. This concept highlights the continuum between traditional activism, such as protests, and quieter actions like wearing masks or purchasing bottled water during pollution episodes. It focuses on how marginalized communities adapt their behaviors and expectations in response to environmental challenges, demonstrating that even small actions reflect a form of engagement with their circumstances. By analyzing these nuances, the notion of resigned activism challenges stereotypes about inaction and emphasizes the importance of everyday decisions in the context of systemic issues.
The Role of Cultural Narratives
Cultural expressions like 'may banfa,' meaning 'there is no way,' illustrate the complex emotions surrounding helplessness in the face of pollution. This phrase indicates a resignation to conditions that people cannot change while simultaneously conveying a moral critique of the systemic failures they face. The anthropological exploration of such expressions reveals deeper layers of meaning, showcasing how individuals navigate feelings of powerlessness while still striving for personal betterment. This nuanced understanding underscores the importance of considering local vernacular as a reflection of broader social and political contexts.
The Impact of Labor Dynamics
The dynamics of labor within polluted communities can severely affect solidarity and collective agency. As individuals become entrenched in jobs provided by polluting industries, their social ties may weaken, particularly for migrant workers who lack long-term residency benefits. This structural marginalization creates divisions within communities and can lead to disaffection, undermining potential collective movements. By examining these labor interactions, one can recognize that economic dependencies often complicate activist efforts and the pursuit of environmental justice.
Expanding Definitions of Activism
The examination of resigned activism and its variants suggests that activism takes many forms beyond conventional protests. Individuals facing pollution often engage in practices that may seem small or individualistic but carry significant meaning in their contexts. The insights call for a broader understanding of agency that recognizes various strategies and actions as valid forms of activism emerging from necessity and structural constraints. By valuing these subtle practices, researchers and activists alike can appreciate the complexity of people's lived experiences and the multifaceted nature of resistance.
Resigned Activism: Living with Pollution in Rural China (MIT Press, 2021) by Dr. Anna Lora-Wainwright digs deep into the paradoxes, ambivalences, and wide range of emotions and strategies people develop to respond to toxicity in everyday life.
An examination of the daily grind of living with pollution in rural China and of the varying forms of activism that develop in response. Residents of rapidly industrializing rural areas in China live with pollution every day. Villagers drink obviously tainted water and breathe visibly dirty air, afflicted by a variety of ailments—from arthritis to nosebleeds—that they ascribe to the effects of industrial pollution. In Resigned Activism, Anna Lora-Wainwright explores the daily grind of living with pollution in rural China and the varying forms of activism that develop in response. This revised edition offers expanded acknowledgment of the contributions of Lora-Wainwright’s collaborators in China. Lora-Wainwright finds that claims of health or environmental damage are politically sensitive, and that efforts to seek redress are frustrated by limited access to scientific evidence, growing socioeconomic inequalities, and complex local realities. Villagers, feeling powerless, often come to accept pollution as part of the environment; their activism is tempered by their resignation. Drawing on fieldwork done with teams of collaborators, Lora-Wainwright offers three case studies of “resigned activism” in rural China, examining the experiences of villagers who live with the effects of phosphorous mining and fertilizer production, lead and zinc mining, and electronic waste processing.
The book also includes extended summaries of the in-depth research carried out by Ajiang Chen and his team in some of China’s “cancer villages,” village-sized clusters of high cancer incidence. These cases make clear the staggering human costs of development and the deeply uneven distribution of costs and benefits that underlie China’s economic power.
Dr. Elena Sobrino is a lecturer in Anthropology at Tufts University. Her research focuses on the politics of crisis in the American Rust Belt. She is currently teaching classes on science and technology studies, theories and ethnographies of crisis, and global racisms. You can read more about her work at elenasobrino.site.