Robert Cioffi, an archaeologist working on a mission in Egypt, shares thrilling insights about a recent discovery of papyrus containing lost lines from Euripides. He discusses the challenges of deciphering the text and the historical significance of such finds. Cioffi also shares a humorous tale of his attempt to make papyrus at home. The conversation navigates through the complexities of ancient manuscript preservation, the evolution of Greek tragedy, and the excitement of uncovering lost literature that deepens our understanding of classical works.
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Quick takeaways
The discovery of Euripides' lost plays on ancient papyrus raises questions about the careful transmission and preservation of cultural manuscripts over time.
The podcast highlights the ethical implications of archaeological practices today, emphasizing the importance of provenance and cultural heritage in the excavation process.
Deep dives
Discovery of a Remarkable Papyrus
A significant discovery in Egypt involved a clump of papyrus found during an excavation at the cemetery of ancient Philadelphia, about two hours south of Cairo. It was uncovered by archaeologist Heba Adley in November 2022 and contained 97 lines of Euripides, with around 70 lines never before read. The physical appearance of the papyrus resembled discarded sheets of paper, making it difficult to restore as it was not precisely folded or organized. The unexpected nature of the find has led to discussions about its purpose, whether it was an offering, mistakenly discarded, or used for another reason.
Cultural and Historical Context of the Manuscript
The papyrus raises intriguing questions about its ownership and significance at the time it was buried, roughly in the third century CE. Although the material's actual value was not immense compared to gold, its production required significant labor and erudition, reflecting the skills of the writer. The presence of reading marks on the papyrus indicates it was used by a learned individual who engaged deeply with the texts of Euripides. This juxtaposition highlights the complexities of valuing ancient texts, which reflect not only their content but also the effort and knowledge invested in their creation.
The Plays of Euripides Revealed
The discovered lines belong to two plays of Euripides that are not well-known today. The first, 'Aino', contains a tragic story about familial conflict and betrayal, echoing themes found in the more frequently performed 'Medea'. The second play, 'Paluidas', centers around a confrontation between a seer and Minos, who seeks to revive his son from the dead. Both plays offer a glimpse into the diverse storytelling and thematic elements of Euripides' body of work, which encapsulates a range of emotional depth and human experience.
Ethical Considerations in Archaeology
The current landscape of archaeological practice raises vital ethical questions, particularly regarding the provenance of antiquities and the impact of colonialism on archaeological findings. Unlike past practices where artifacts were often exported without consideration, contemporary regulations require that papyrus finds remain within Egypt. This includes the new Euripides papyrus, which is set to be preserved and eventually displayed in a museum. The discussion emphasizes the need for a responsible approach to archaeology that honors the cultural heritage and ownership of sites like those in Egypt.
In November 2022, archaeologists excavating the ancient city of Philadelphia, two hours south of Cairo, discovered a clump of papyri in a shallow grave. On one of them were written nearly a hundred lines from two lost plays by Euripides. Robert Cioffi, who has been working with the same team on a new archaeological mission, joins Tom to discuss the find, the precarious transmission of ancient manuscripts, and the time he tried to make papyrus in his kitchen.