Life on the margins: how China's rural deprivation curbs its success
Mar 4, 2024
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Exploring the disparities between rural and urban populations in China, despite efforts to eliminate extreme poverty. Professor Scott Rozelle discusses the challenges faced by rural residents, including education, health, and living standards. The conversation delves into policies addressing rural poverty, the shift towards county hukous, and strategies for economic growth through education and employment opportunities.
Rural-urban divide impacts social policies and living conditions in China, despite government efforts to reduce extreme poverty.
Challenges in rural education highlight the need for improvements in early childhood development and education quality.
Government initiatives addressing anemia and nutritional deficiencies demonstrate commitment to reducing disparities in rural areas.
Deep dives
Understanding the Rural Population in China
China has a significant rural population, with about two-thirds of the country living in rural areas based on census data. The rural-urban divide, defined by residency permits (Hukou), affects social policies and living conditions. Despite government measures to reduce extreme poverty, disparities in living standards, education, and healthcare persist between rural and urban residents.
Challenges and Disparities in Rural Education
Rural education in China faces challenges, with a stark difference in education levels between rural and urban areas. Access to high school education is limited for rural labor force members, impacting their future opportunities for white-collar jobs. The lack of educational infrastructure and resources in rural areas highlights the need for improvements in early childhood development and education quality.
Nutrition and Education Impact in Rural Areas
Anemia and nutritional deficiencies have direct consequences on learning and cognitive abilities among rural children. Interventions such as providing nutritious meals and supplements have shown significant improvements in learning outcomes. Government initiatives like the national nutritious lunch program have successfully reduced anemia rates and improved cognitive development among rural children, demonstrating a commitment to addressing nutritional and educational disparities.
Implications of Common Prosperity on Rural Economy
China's common prosperity policies aim to address income inequality and foster rural development. Initiatives focusing on rural unemployment, adult training, and investment in rural economies are crucial for sustainable growth and equitable progress. The shift towards a service-based economy requires enhancing human capital through education and skill development, aligning with the long-term goal of achieving common prosperity.
Strategies for Balancing Rural Development and Human Capital Growth
Balancing economic growth with human capital development is essential for China's sustainable development. Addressing challenges like unemployment, education disparities, and rural-urban inequality requires a multi-faceted approach. Investing in early childhood development, adult training, and rural economic opportunities can drive positive outcomes and alleviate poverty, reflecting China's ongoing efforts towards achieving common prosperity.
Too often our stories about China are dictated by the urban experience, probably because journalists inside and outside of China are often based in the big cities; Beijing specifically. Those who live in the cities also tend to be more educated, more privileged, and so able to dominate the global attention more.
That’s why I’m particularly keen to hear about the lives of those who still live in the countryside, or at least are still considered ‘rural residents’ by the Chinese government. They make up a sizeable proportion of the population, and you’ll hear that in my first question to my guest today, we discuss just how big this group is.
How do the poorest in China live today, considering the government has announced that there is no more extreme poverty? Just how wide are their gaps in living standards, education, health, compared to their compatriots who live in the cities?
Professor Scott Rozelle joins me on this episode. He is the co-director of the Stanford Center on China’s Economy and Institutions, a developmental economist who has been conducting research in China for over three decades. He is also the co-author of Invisible China: How the Urban-Rural Divide Threatens China’s Rise.