How did the first democracy die?

In this book, Loren J. Samons reassesses classical Athenian democracy and its significance for the United States today. He challenges many basic assumptions about the character and success of Athenian democracy, examining topics such as the dangers of the popular vote, Athens's acquisitive foreign policy, the tendency of the state to overspend, and the place of religion in Athenian society. Samons argues that democracy has begun to function like an unacknowledged religion in modern culture, immune from criticism and dissent, and he urges readers to question their uncritical worship of democratic values such as freedom, choice, and diversity.

In 'Politics,' Aristotle examines the various forms of government and their strengths and weaknesses. He argues that the *polis*, or city-state, is the highest form of political association, and that humans are by nature political animals who can only achieve their full potential within such a community. Aristotle discusses different types of constitutions, including constitutional government, aristocracy, kingship, democracy, oligarchy, and tyranny, and evaluates them based on the principle of distributive justice. He also emphasizes the importance of a strong middle class, education, and the role of law in maintaining a stable and just society. The work is deeply rooted in Aristotle's teleological view of nature and his belief that the ultimate goal of human existence is happiness achieved through the exercise of reason and virtue.

While Socrates didn't write any books himself, his ideas and teachings are preserved through the writings of his students, particularly Plato. Plato's dialogues feature Socrates as the central figure, engaging in philosophical discussions on a wide range of topics. These dialogues explore fundamental questions about justice, virtue, knowledge, and the nature of reality. Socrates' method of questioning, known as the Socratic method, emphasizes critical thinking and self-examination. His influence on Western philosophy is immeasurable, shaping the course of intellectual thought for centuries to come.

Written by Thucydides, this work is a detailed and insightful historical account of the Peloponnesian War. It chronicles the conflict between the Peloponnesian League, led by Sparta, and the Athenian Empire, emphasizing the significant impact of this war on Greek society. Thucydides outlines the historical context leading up to the war, tracing the evolution of Greek society and detailing the tensions and incidents that led to the conflict. The narrative examines key events, alliances, and the complex interplay of human ambition and political motivations during the war.