The Shadowy Fleet of Tankers Moving Iranian Oil to China
Nov 19, 2024
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Serene Cheong, Bloomberg's oil trading expert in Asia, shares her insights on the clandestine trade of Iranian oil. She reveals how billions of dollars’ worth of sanctioned oil continues to flow to China through a network of covert tanker operations, despite official import freezes. The conversation uncovers the shadowy tactics of 'dark fleet' vessels evading detection and the economic impact exceeding $20 billion. Additionally, Cheong discusses the geopolitical tensions this trade creates, particularly concerning U.S. sanctions and alliances in Southeast Asia.
The clandestine shipping operations, particularly off the coast of Malaysia, reveal a systematic method for Iran to bypass U.S. sanctions by routing oil to China through a network of dark fleet tankers.
The environmental risks posed by these aging tankers conducting illicit oil transfers highlight the potential for catastrophic accidents in busy maritime regions, complicating geopolitical tensions related to sanctions enforcement.
Deep dives
Observations of Oil Transfer
A team observed a significant oil transfer occurring in the South China Sea involving two vessels, the Win-Win and the Titan. The Titan, notorious for transporting Iranian oil, was spotted conducting a ship-to-ship transfer while connected to the Win-Win. This operation highlights a covert method through which Iran circumvents U.S. sanctions, allowing it to sell its oil to countries like China despite restrictions. The sheer number of tankers and the scale of the operations suggest this is a routine activity, indicating a thriving underground network of oil transportation.
The Role of the Dark Fleet
The so-called 'dark fleet' comprises aging tankers that engage in transferring oil without proper insurance and often turn off their transponders to evade detection. These vessels frequently gather off the coast of Malaysia, creating a cluster where illicit oil transfers can occur without oversight. By tracking satellite data, analysts identified patterns indicating ship-to-ship transfers that may involve re-labeling Iranian crude as Malaysian oil, making it harder to trace. This shadow fleet serves as a critical component in enabling Iran to sustain its oil revenue despite international sanctions.
Risks and Regional Implications
The increasing prevalence of dark fleet operations poses significant risks, particularly environmental dangers associated with oil spills and maritime accidents. Recent incidents underscore the potential for catastrophe, such as explosions or collisions involving these tankers in vulnerable waters near Malaysia, Singapore, and Indonesia. Additionally, the existence of this illicit trade complicates geopolitical dynamics, as countries like Malaysia struggle with monitoring these activities while maintaining diplomatic relationships with both Iran and China. The resilience of this shadow industry indicates it will persist as long as there remains a market for sanctioned oil, challenging efforts to enforce U.S. sanctions.
Every year, billions of dollars of sanctioned Iranian oil finds its way to China, even though on paper the country hasn’t imported a single drop in more than two years. How? On today’s Big Take Asia podcast, host K. Oanh Ha speaks to Bloomberg’s Serene Cheong on her team’s investigation into a clandestine shipping hub off the coast of Malaysia that funnels Iranian crude to China.