Revolution and Ruin: Ivan Turgenev's Fathers and Sons

'The Princess Casamassima' by Henry James tells the story of Hyacinth Robinson, a young man living in London who becomes involved with radical politics. Torn between his loyalty to the revolutionaries and his appreciation for beauty and art, Hyacinth struggles with conflicting ideals. His relationships with the enigmatic Princess Casamassima and other characters further complicate his moral and emotional dilemmas. The novel explores themes of social class, political ideology, and the individual's search for identity. It delves into the complexities of revolutionary movements and the personal sacrifices involved in pursuing radical change.

'Felix Holt, the Radical' by George Eliot is set in England during the time of political reform. Felix Holt is a watchmaker who gives up his trade to fight for the working class. His idealism and strong moral convictions lead him into conflict with the established social order. Esther Lyon, a young woman of refined sensibilities, must choose between Felix's radicalism and a more comfortable life. The novel examines themes of social justice, political responsibility, and the complexities of individual choices in a time of social upheaval, highlighting the challenges of pursuing meaningful change.

Set in France during the Bourbon Restoration, 'The Red and the Black' follows Julien Sorel, a young man from a humble background who seeks to rise through society using his intelligence and charm. The novel explores themes of ambition, love, and the societal pressures of the time. It is a satirical critique of French society and politics, reflecting Stendhal's own experiences and views on the era.

Shirley, published in 1849, is Charlotte Brontë's second novel. It explores the lives of Caroline Helstone and Shirley Keeldar, two women from different social backgrounds, as they navigate love, friendship, and societal expectations in early 19th-century Yorkshire. The novel delves into themes of female independence, social change, and the complexities of relationships amidst the turmoil of the Luddite uprisings.

Written in 1863 by Nikolai Chernyshevsky, 'What Is to Be Done? ' is a novel that had a significant influence on Russian revolutionary thought. The story follows Viéra Pavlovna, a young woman who seeks economic independence and starts a cooperative workshop for seamstresses. The novel promotes the creation of small socialist cooperatives, advocates for women's rights, and critiques the patriarchal and authoritarian structures of Russian society. It was written in response to Ivan Turgenev's 'Fathers and Sons' and played a central role in polarizing the Russian intelligentsia between radical and liberal reformers. The novel's impact was so profound that it contributed to the conflicts leading up to the Russian Revolution.