#145 Classic episode – Christopher Brown on why slavery abolition wasn't inevitable

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Jan 20, 2026

In this thought-provoking discussion, historian Christopher Leslie Brown, a Columbia University professor and author of *Moral Capital*, explores the complex history surrounding the abolition of slavery. He argues that the end of slavery was not inevitable, challenging the belief that economic and moral progress would naturally lead to its decline. Brown highlights the deep-rooted ubiquity of slavery, critiques of the practice throughout history, and the crucial role of activism, particularly by Quakers and early abolitionists, in fostering change.

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INSIGHT

Slavery Was Historically Normal

Slavery was a global norm, not an exception, up to the 18th century.
Christopher Brown argues 19th-century abolition was historically unusual and unlikely.

INSIGHT

Resistance Existed, Movements Did Not

Enslaved people constantly resisted individually and collectively throughout history.
But organized anti-slavery movements by non-enslaved people were essentially absent before the 18th century.

ANECDOTE

Quakers Incubated Early Opposition

Quakers debated slavery internally from the late 17th century and sometimes held slaves themselves.
Their internal moral witness later became a core seed of public anti-slavery activism.

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In many ways, humanity seems to have become more humane and inclusive over time. While there’s still a lot of progress to be made, campaigns to give people of different genders, races, sexualities, ethnicities, beliefs, and abilities equal treatment and rights have had significant success.

It’s tempting to believe this was inevitable — that the arc of history “bends toward justice,” and that as humans get richer, we’ll make even more moral progress.

But today's guest Christopher Brown — a professor of history at Columbia University and specialist in the abolitionist movement and the British Empire during the 18th and 19th centuries — believes the story of how slavery became unacceptable suggests moral progress is far from inevitable.

Rebroadcast: This episode was originally aired in February 2023.

Links to learn more, video, and full transcript: https://80k.link/CLB

While most of us today feel that the abolition of slavery was sure to happen sooner or later as humans became richer and more educated, Christopher doesn't believe any of the arguments for that conclusion pass muster. If he's right, a counterfactual history where slavery remains widespread in 2023 isn't so far-fetched.

As Christopher lays out in his two key books, Moral Capital: Foundations of British Abolitionism and Arming Slaves: From Classical Times to the Modern Age, slavery has been ubiquitous throughout history. Slavery of some form was fundamental in Classical Greece, the Roman Empire, in much of the Islamic civilisation, in South Asia, and in parts of early modern East Asia, Korea, China.

It was justified on all sorts of grounds that sound mad to us today. But according to Christopher, while there’s evidence that slavery was questioned in many of these civilisations, and periodically attacked by slaves themselves, there was no enduring or successful moral advocacy against slavery until the British abolitionist movement of the 1700s.

That movement first conquered Britain and its empire, then eventually the whole world. But the fact that there's only a single time in history that a persistent effort to ban slavery got off the ground is a big clue that opposition to slavery was a contingent matter: if abolition had been inevitable, we’d expect to see multiple independent abolitionist movements thoroughly history, providing redundancy should any one of them fail.

Christopher argues that this rarity is primarily down to the enormous economic and cultural incentives to deny the moral repugnancy of slavery, and crush opposition to it with violence wherever necessary.

Mere awareness is insufficient to guarantee a movement will arise to fix a problem. Humanity continues to allow many severe injustices to persist, despite being aware of them. So why is it so hard to imagine we might have done the same with forced labour?

In this episode, Christopher describes the unique and peculiar set of political, social and religious circumstances that gave rise to the only successful and lasting anti-slavery movement in human history. These circumstances were sufficiently improbable that Christopher believes there are very nearby worlds where abolitionism might never have taken off.

Christopher and host Rob Wiblin also discuss:

Various instantiations of slavery throughout human history
Signs of antislavery sentiment before the 17th century
The role of the Quakers in early British abolitionist movement
The importance of individual “heroes” in the abolitionist movement
Arguments against the idea that the abolition of slavery was contingent
Whether there have ever been any major moral shifts that were inevitable

Chapters:

Rob's intro (00:00:00)
Cold open (00:01:45)
Who's Christopher Brown? (00:03:00)
Was abolitionism inevitable? (00:08:53)
The history of slavery (00:14:35)
Signs of antislavery sentiment before the 17th century (00:19:24)
Quakers (00:32:37)
Attitudes to slavery in other religions (00:44:37)
Quaker advocacy (00:56:28)
Inevitability and contingency (01:06:29)
Moral revolution (01:16:39)
The importance of specific individuals (01:29:23)
Later stages of the antislavery movement (01:41:33)
Economic theory of abolition (01:55:27)
Influence of knowledge work and education (02:12:15)
Moral foundations theory (02:20:43)
Figuring out how contingent events are (02:32:42)
Least bad argument for why abolition was inevitable (02:41:45)
Were any major moral shifts inevitable? (02:47:29)

Producer: Keiran Harris
Audio mastering: Milo McGuire
Transcriptions: Katy Moore