Implications for vaccine delivery and immune health

The long-term effects of smoking on the immune system may have important implications for vaccine delivery. As the immune system ages, inflammation increases, which affects vaccine efficacy. Considering the degree of change to the immune system caused by smoking, researchers speculate that smoking could add years to an individual's immunological age. The study highlights the need to consider environmental factors like smoking when planning vaccine timing and formulations. Additionally, maintaining a healthy immune system through a varied, minimally processed diet, exercise, stress reduction, and adequate sleep is essential for overall health.