Charlotte Witt, "Social Goodness: The Ontology of Social Norms" (Oxford UP, 2023)
Mar 5, 2024
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Charlotte Witt, an accomplished author and academic, discusses the intriguing nature of social norms in her latest work. She examines how our roles, like those of professors or parents, impose unchosen obligations. Witt shares personal experiences from her culturally rich upbringing, highlighting how norms evolve and react to nonconformity. The dialogue dives into the artisanal model of norms, emphasizing care and craftsmanship in social practices, shedding light on the interplay of individual agency and hierarchical structures in shaping our societal roles.
Social norms are shaped by specific social roles and reflect inherent expectations, raising questions about their sources of normativity.
The artisanal model illustrates that social norms can be refined through practice and critique, emphasizing the values and intentions behind our actions.
Deep dives
Importance of Social Norms
Social norms play a crucial role in our everyday lives by dictating the expectations tied to various social roles. For instance, professors are expected to pursue truth, while parents should support their children. These norms seem to be inherent to specific roles, raising the philosophical puzzle of why they hold such normative power. Understanding the origins and significance of these social norms is vital to comprehending how they shape our interactions and behaviors.
Externalism vs. Internalism
The discussion around social normativity can be framed through the lens of externalism and internalism. Internalism posits that an individual’s attitudes and endorsements are the sources of social norms, suggesting a reliance on personal agency. In contrast, externalism asserts that social norms exist independently of individual attitudes, finding their roots in societal structures and institutions. This perspective highlights the notion that social norms often feel imposed on individuals, emphasizing a need for a broader understanding of social dynamics.
The Artisanal Model of Social Norms
The artisanal model offers a compelling framework for understanding social norms, conceptualizing them as practices that can be refined and improved over time. Just like an artisan hones their craft, individuals learn social norms through imitation and cultivation, embodying a sense of care and attention to quality in their social roles. This model distinguishes between merely competent performance and genuinely engaged practice, where the latter encompasses emotional and aesthetic dimensions of social engagement. Thus, social norms are not purely about outcomes; they also reflect the values and intentions behind our actions.
Critical Perspectives and Social Change
Addressing criticisms of the artisanal model, it's important to consider how individuals can critique and reshape the norms governing their social roles. As individuals become experts in their fields, they gain a dual insight into not only the 'how' of performing their roles but also the 'why' behind those practices. This awareness allows for the possibility of self-creation and re-evaluating existing norms. Furthermore, while the model recognizes the presence of hierarchy within social roles, it contends that hierarchical structures do not inherently lead to oppression and can be reformed toward more equitable systems.
In our day-to-day lives, we are subject to normative requirements, obligations, and expectations that originate in the social roles we occupy. For example, professors ought to pursue the truth, while parents ought to be supportive of their children. What’s interesting is that these role-specific requirements seem to befall us. We do not choose them. This raises the puzzle of what accounts for their normativity.
In Social Goodness: The Ontology of Social Norms (Oxford University Press 2023), Charlotte Witt proposes a novel and intriguing conception of the nature of social norms and the source of their normativity. The centerpiece of her account is the idea that we must look to various examples of artisanal practices, dispositions, and techniques to understand social norms.