Midas, Croesus, and the Lost Kingdoms of Iron Age Anatolia
Sep 14, 2023
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Explore the forgotten kingdoms of Iron Age Anatolia, their rise and fall, and the cultural significance of the region. Discover the diverse and fragmented nature of Anatolia, the power struggles between different kingdoms, and the survival of Neo-Hittite states. Unravel the mysteries of the disappearance of Mike Williams, the relationships between Phrygia and Assyria, and the Hellenization of Lydia. Delve into the defeat of Cresis's army, the siege of Sardis, and the limited nature of historical knowledge.
43:52
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Quick takeaways
Anatolia was home to powerful kingdoms like the Hittite Empire, Lydian Kingdom, and Urartu, which played significant roles in warfare, trade, and cultural exchange.
Urartu kingdom, centered around Lake Van, rose to power in the late Bronze Age but eventually waned under the dominance of the Assyrians.
The Neo-Hittite city-states in northern Syria and southern Turkey continued the Hittite legacy, defended against Assyrians, but succumbed to changing political tides.
Deep dives
The emergence of powerful kingdoms in Anatolia
Anatolia, in present-day Turkey, was home to several powerful kingdoms in the Iron Age. The region saw the rise of the Hittite Empire, the decline of the Hittites, and the emergence of successors like the Urartu, Phrygia, Lydia, and Neo-Hittite city-states. These kingdoms were wealthy and influential, engaging in warfare, trade, and cultural exchange with neighboring regions. The Lydian Kingdom, in particular, stood out for its invention of coinage, which spread across the Mediterranean. However, all these Anatolian kingdoms eventually faded into obscurity under the domination of the Persians and Greeks.
The rise of Urartu as a dominant power
The Urartu kingdom, centered around Lake Van in eastern Anatolia, emerged as a major power in the late Bronze Age. Its first king, Sarduri, established a new city, Tushpa, as its capital. Under Ishpawini, the Urartian state expanded its territories, built a standing army, and engaged in campaigns against neighboring regions. They conquered lands in present-day Armenia and northwest Iran, challenging the dominance of the Assyrians. However, their power eventually waned, and they were eclipsed by the Assyrians and ultimately disappeared from historical records.
The Neo-Hittite city-states and their cultural legacy
After the collapse of the Hittite Empire, the Neo-Hittite city-states emerged in northern Syria and southern Turkey. These city-states, which continued the Hittite legacy, maintained their independence and cultural distinctiveness for several centuries. They built monumental architecture, relied on the Hittite writing system, and defended themselves against Assyrian aggression. However, as the Assyrian Empire expanded, these city-states either submitted to Assyrian rule or resisted through alliances. Despite their continued existence, they remained fragmented and were eventually swept away by changing political tides.
The flourishing kingdom of Lydia and the invention of coinage
Lydia, located in western Anatolia, became a thriving kingdom under the rule of the Lydian kings. Known for their wealth and power, the Lydians controlled fertile lands, valuable mineral resources, and had a reputation for metalworking and textiles. They engaged in conflicts with the Greeks and defeated the Ionian Greek cities on the coast. One of their most famous kings, Cresus, even built the first monumental Temple of Artemis at Ephesus. The Lydians are especially renowned for inventing coinage, which revolutionized economic systems and spread throughout the Mediterranean world.
The demise and legacy of the Anatolian kingdoms
Despite their once-grand status, the Anatolian kingdoms eventually declined and were absorbed by larger empires. Lydia fell to the Persians under Cyrus the Great, while the other kingdoms succumbed to the Assyrians or Greek forces. These kingdoms, including Urartu, Phrygia, and Lydia, left behind a rich cultural legacy, from their monumental architecture to their distinct languages. However, much of their history and achievements have been obscured by time, leaving only fragments of their stories to be pieced together through archaeological excavations and the accounts of later civilizations.
The kingdoms of Iron Age Anatolia survive only as whispers in the archaeological and historical record; others exist through enigmatic references and legends in the writings of foreigners; and still others left behind relatively abundant records, allowing us to reconstruct a thriving world of states that have been almost totally forgotten.
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