
 Sensemaker How did climate change make Hurricane Melissa worse?
 Oct 30, 2025 
 Freddie Otto, a climate science professor at Imperial College London, dives into the alarming intensification of Hurricane Melissa. He explains how human-induced climate change has made such extreme storms four times more likely. With insights from climate models, Otto describes the critical factors—ocean heat and atmospheric stability—that fueled Melissa's power. He highlights the unequal impacts on Jamaica, emphasizing the need for better preparedness and efficient aid for the most vulnerable communities after the hurricane's devastation. 
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How Melissa Gathered Extreme Strength
- Hurricanes need very warm ocean surface temperatures and a calm, stable atmosphere to intensify rapidly.
 - Freddie Otto explains Melissa strengthened over 30°C Gulf waters and low wind shear, fueling its Category 5 peak.
 
Jamaica's Housing Vulnerability
- Freddie Otto describes widespread destruction of poorly built houses and limited storm shelters across Jamaica.
 - He highlights catastrophic long-term effects for those who lose unstable homes and lack rebuilding aid.
 
Unusually Warm Waters Fueled The Storm
- Ocean temperatures during Melissa were about 1.4°C warmer than usual and exceeded 30°C in the Gulf of Mexico.
 - Freddie Otto notes those elevated temperatures would have been much lower without human-caused climate change.
 
