The Rise and Fall of the Neoliberal Order (with Gary Gerstle)
Jan 14, 2025
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Gary Gerstle, a historian and author specializing in American political and economic history, shares his insights into the rise and decline of neoliberalism. He explores how its roots intertwine with cultural movements of the 1960s and 70s, and how recent political shifts challenge its principles. Gerstle discusses the rivalry between the U.S. and Soviet economies, the elitist tendencies of neoliberalism on democracy, and the potential for a more equitable 'middle-out' economic framework amid today's crises.
The failure of trickle-down economics has led to growing inequality, prompting a shift towards a middle-out economic framework for equitable growth.
Neoliberalism's rise was propelled by the economic crises of the 1970s, but its enduring institutions face challenges from emerging populist movements.
Deep dives
The Failures of Trickle-Down Economics
Decades of trickle-down economics have failed to deliver the promised growth and equality, leading to rising inequality and political instability. This economic theory suggests that benefits provided to the wealthy would eventually trickle down to the rest of society, but the reality has shown a widening gap between the rich and the poor. The failure of this model is evident in the current economic landscape, where many citizens feel left behind while a small elite continues to amass wealth. This disillusionment calls for a new approach to economics that prioritizes the middle class as a driver of growth.
Understanding Neoliberalism
Neoliberalism is characterized as an ideology that seeks to remove constraints on capitalism, arguing that such freedom will lead to greater economic prosperity for all. It emphasizes the free movement of goods, people, information, and capital across borders, believing that this global commitment is essential for achieving full capitalist potential. However, it has also resulted in pronounced inequality, where while some benefit significantly, the costs are borne by those less fortunate, ultimately proving unsustainable. The global financial crash of 2008 exposed the shortcomings of neoliberalism, leading to heightened skepticism about its long-term viability.
The Role of Historical Context
The transition from Keynesian economics to neoliberalism was fueled by a series of economic crises in the 1970s, including increased international competition and the oil crisis. These crises undermined the established economic paradigms and allowed neoliberal ideas, which had previously been considered heterodox, to enter mainstream politics. The opportunity to push through neoliberal policies was seized by advocates, who formed think tanks and aligned with influential political figures. This shift marked a significant reconfiguration of both economic and political thought in the United States and worldwide.
Moving Beyond Neoliberalism
There is an emerging desire for a new economic paradigm that focuses on populist principles and prioritizes the needs of ordinary citizens, as seen in recent political movements. Figures like Trump and Sanders have shown that both right and left populism can challenge the neoliberal status quo, albeit from different perspectives. While there are signs of potential collaboration across party lines to address economic inequality, concerns remain about the enduring power of neoliberal institutions. The discussions surrounding middle-out economics suggest a framework that seeks to rebuild the economy in a more equitable manner, pending the ability to conduct free and fair elections.
This week, Nick and Goldy sit down with historian Gary Gerstle, author of The Rise and Fall of the Neoliberal Order, for an in-depth exploration of neoliberalism—its origins, dominance, and decline. Their conversation examines the shifting political landscape shaped by recent presidential administrations, including the Biden administration’s efforts to promote a more equitable “middle-out” economic framework. With a focus on historical context and the enduring power of neoliberal institutions, this episode offers a compelling analysis of the pathways to a new economic order and the critical role of innovative thinking in navigating today’s economic challenges.
Gary Gerstle is an author, historian, and scholar of American political and economic history. He is the Paul Mellon Professor of American History Emeritus at the University of Cambridge and a Professor Emeritus of History at Vanderbilt University.