Join geneticist Adam Rutherford, known for his work on human history, paleontologist Susannah Maidment from the Natural History Museum, and ex-virologist turned comedian Ria Lina. They dive into the fascinating world of de-extinction. Can we resurrect creatures like the woolly mammoth? They explore the science behind cloning and back-breeding, weighing in on the ethical implications and potential benefits to ecosystems. The humor flows as they discuss extinct species they'd rather not have back, blending laughs with serious insights on biodiversity and our responsibilities.
De-extinction methods like back-breeding and cloning could theoretically revive extinct species, yet they face significant scientific and ethical challenges.
The podcast underscores that prioritizing existing species conservation is crucial as current extinction rates escalate due to human impacts and climate change.
Deep dives
The Concept of De-Extinction
De-extinction focuses on the scientific efforts to bring extinct species back into existence, much like the fictional Jurassic Park. The discussion highlights the idea that while it may be theoretically possible to do so through various methods, such as backbreeding and genetic engineering, the reality is more complex. For instance, backbreeding attempts to resurrect traits of extinct animals by selectively breeding with their closest living relatives, like the aurochs and modern cattle. However, this approach does not create an exact genetic replica of the extinct species but rather a new organism that may share some characteristics.
Impacts of Extinction on Evolution
Extinction plays a crucial role in shaping the evolution of life on Earth, with about 95% to 97% of all species that have ever existed now extinct. Five major extinction events have drastically altered biodiversity, paving the way for new species to evolve and thrive. Notably, the last extinction event that wiped out dinosaurs occurred 66 million years ago due to a massive asteroid impact. Understanding these events helps scientists grasp current extinction rates, which are occurring at an unprecedented speed, driven largely by human activity and climate change.
Challenges of Cloning and Genetic Engineering
While the cloning of the Pyrenean ibex serves as a notable example of de-extinction, several significant challenges remain in bringing back species like the woolly mammoth. Cloning involves extracting genetic material from a cell and implanting it into a surrogate animal's egg, but this method does not produce a genetically identical clone due to genetic contributions from the surrogate. Additionally, uncertainties around crucial factors such as the number of chromosomes and gestation periods complicate the process. Many scientists argue that even if a mammoth-like creature could be created, the resulting hybrid would likely struggle to adapt in today's environment, which has changed significantly since the mammoth last roamed the Earth.
Ethical Considerations and Conservation Efforts
The conversation raises critical ethical concerns about the pursuit of de-extinction versus focusing on conserving existing species facing extinction. While some argue for de-extinction as a potential remedy for humanity's past mistakes, many experts emphasize the need to prioritize the protection of current endangered species and ecosystems. Funding and resources dedicated to high-profile de-extinction projects could detract from crucial conservation efforts for less charismatic species. Ultimately, the need for public engagement and funding in scientific research should not overshadow the immediate crisis of biodiversity loss that demands attention and action.
Brian Cox and Robin Ince dig into de-extinction asking, could we and should we resurrect creatures of the past? They are joined by geneticist Adam Rutherford, palaeontologist Susannah Maidment and comedian/virologist Ria Lina.
Extinction has played a significant role in shaping the life we see on Earth today. It is estimated around 95% of species to have ever existed are already extinct - but could any of these extinctions be reversed? Our panel explore the different methods being pursued in these resurrection quests, including back-breeding, cloning and genetic engineering. They take a close look at the case of the woolly mammoth and the suggestion they could be returned to the Arctic tundra. Some claim the mammoth is the key to ecosystem restoration, but our panel have some punchy opinions on whether this Jurassic Park fantasy is even ethical.
Producer: Melanie Brown
Executive Producer: Alexandra Feachem
Researcher: Olivia Jani
BBC Studios Audio Production
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