Contributor: Dylan Luyten MD
Educational Pearls:
What is a Bradyarrhythmia?
What can cause it?
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Complete heart block AKA third-degree AV block; identified on ECG by a wide QRS, and complete dissociation between the atrial and ventricular rhythms with the ventricular being much slower. Treat with a pacemaker.
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Medication overdose, especially beta blockers. Many other drugs can slow the heart as well including: opioids, clonidine, digitalis, amiodarone, diltiazem, and verapamil to name a few.
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Electrolyte abnormalities, specifically hyperkalemia. Hypokalemia, hypocalcemia, and hypomagnesemia can also cause bradyarrhythmias.
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Myocardial infarction. Either by damaging the AV node or the conduction system itself or by triggering a process called Reperfusion Bradycardia.
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Hypothermia. Bradycardia is generally a sign of severe or advanced hypothermia.
References
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Jurkovicová O, Cagán S. Reperfúzne arytmie [Reperfusion arrhythmias]. Bratisl Lek Listy. 1998 Mar-Apr;99(3-4):162-71. Slovak. PMID: 9919746.
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Simmons T, Blazar E. Synergistic Bradycardia from Beta Blockers, Hyperkalemia, and Renal Failure. J Emerg Med. 2019 Aug;57(2):e41-e44. doi: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2019.03.039. Epub 2019 May 30. PMID: 31155316.
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Wung SF. Bradyarrhythmias: Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis, and Management. Crit Care Nurs Clin North Am. 2016 Sep;28(3):297-308. doi: 10.1016/j.cnc.2016.04.003. Epub 2016 Jun 22. PMID: 27484658.
Summarized by Jeffrey Olson MS2 | Edited by Meg Joyce & Jorge Chalit, OMSII
Emergency Medical Minute