Deep learning algorithms, natural language processing, and the brain, with Jean-Rémi King
Jul 10, 2023
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Jean-Rémi King, research scientist and team leader at Meta AI, discusses deep learning algorithms, natural language processing, and the brain. They explore the similarities between brain responses and deep net activations, factors for algorithm similarity to the brain, and the need for nonlinear composition in language processing. They also delve into the size of predicted chunks, the functional similarity between deep neural networks and brain voxels, and the importance of choosing the right model architecture and parameters for predicting brain activity.
Language models' ability to predict the next word drives their similarity to brain activity in language processing.
Different layers in language models align with specific brain regions, revealing a hierarchical organization in language processing.
The prediction ability of language models is the primary factor determining their similarity to brain activity, emphasizing the importance of predictive language processing in language acquisition.
Deep dives
Predicting brain activity through language models
This podcast episode discusses the use of large language models and deep learning in investigating the neural basis of language. The guest, John Remi King, shares his groundbreaking work on training language models with raw audio waveform data. The study reveals that the similarity between language models and brain activity is driven by the models' ability to predict the next word. The paper demonstrates that even randomly initialized language models exhibit a high level of similarity with brain activity, highlighting the importance of prediction in language processing. Additionally, the episode touches on the potential impact of AI research labs like META in advancing the field of language neuroscience.
Mapping language models to brain activity
Using fMRI and MEG data, the study examines the functional mapping between language models and neural activity. The research focuses on the similarity between brain responses and layer activations in language models. The findings reveal a structured relationship, with early layers in the models showing greater similarity to primary auditory cortex, while deeper layers align more closely with temporal and frontal brain regions. The study provides insights into the hierarchical organization of language processing in the brain and highlights the striking similarity between language models and brain activity.
Factors influencing model-brain convergence
Another paper investigates the factors that influence the similarity between language models and brain activity. The study explores the effects of different model architectures, layer depths, and attention mechanisms. The results show that the models' ability to predict the next word is the primary factor driving convergence with brain activity. While other variables have minor implications, the prediction ability remains the dominant factor in determining similarity. The findings shed light on the importance of predictive language processing and highlight the need for future research to identify more efficient learning strategies for language acquisition.
Importance of Long-Term Forecasts and Effects on Brain Activation
The podcast episode discusses the concept of noise ceilings, which estimate the performance of models. However, data analysis reveals that models often perform better than the noise ceilings built for them. Building noise ceilings involves making arbitrary decisions, such as selecting voxels and determining repetitions within and across subjects. Thus, the analysis shows that noise ceilings are not always reliable or stable. Instead, focusing on providing actual effect sizes without noise ceilings proves to be more reproducible and robust. This allows for easier comparison of models across studies. In language processing, it is found that the same sentence presented multiple times may not be processed in the same way due to the adaptability and fluidity of language comprehension.
Enhancing Language Models with Long-Term Forecasts
The podcast explores a paper that investigates large language models' (LLMs) inability to match human language processing abilities. The paper suggests that while LLMs only predict the next word, humans make longer-term predictions and consider hierarchical structures in language. The experiment introduces a forecast window where models predict multiple words into the future, attempting to capture more extensive predictions and incorporate hierarchical structure. By enhancing language models with long-term forecasts, the study finds that the model's activations become more similar to brain activity, particularly in the standard language network. The research also investigates syntactic and semantic forecasts, highlighting the importance of these different kinds of predictions in explaining brain activations during language processing.
In the episode, I talk with Jean-Rémi King, Research scientist and team leader at Meta AI, and Associate Researcher at CNRS, École Normale Supérieure, about three recent papers from his lab on deep learning algorithms, natural language processing, and the brain.
Millet J, Caucheteux C, Orhan P, Boubenec Y, Gramfort A, Dunbar E, Pallier C, King J-R. Toward a realistic model of speech processing in the brain with self-supervised learning. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS) 2022. [doi]
Caucheteux C, King JR. Brains and algorithms partially converge in natural language processing. Commun Biol. 2022;5:134. [doi]
Caucheteux C, Gramfort A, King JR. Evidence of a predictive coding hierarchy in the human brain listening to speech. Nat Hum Behav. 2023;7:430-41. [doi]
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