J. Gresham Machen, A Conservative Mind in a Liberal Age: A Conversation with Richard Burnett
Aug 28, 2024
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Richard Burnett, the Executive Director & Managing Editor of Theology Matters, dives into the life of J. Gresham Machen, a pivotal figure in modern evangelicalism. They explore Machen's journey through theological challenges and his impact on contemporary discourse. The conversation also highlights the tension between Machen and Woodrow Wilson's beliefs, and the rise of liberal theology in early 20th-century America. Machen’s critical works, particularly 'Christianity and Liberalism,' are examined for their lasting influence on orthodox thought.
Gresham Machen's intellectual journey illustrates a profound shift from initial liberal acceptance to a definitive rejection of modernist thought in Christianity.
His experiences and writings reflect the ongoing struggle within evangelicalism to maintain traditional beliefs amid evolving cultural and theological challenges.
Deep dives
Gresham Machen's Intellectual Journey
Gresham Machen's life reflects a profound engagement with the shifting intellectual landscape of his time, particularly regarding theology and academia. His early education at Johns Hopkins laid the foundation for his appreciation of rigorous academic inquiry, and his subsequent studies in Germany exposed him to modern biblical criticism and liberal theology. Despite initially embracing progressive ideals, Machen became increasingly critical of conformity to liberal thought within the church. This tension played out as he wrestled with the implications of higher criticism for traditional Christian beliefs, ultimately leading to a need for clarity and direction in his theological journey.
Cultural Influences on Machen
Machen's upbringing in a prominent Baltimore family significantly shaped his worldview and intellectual pursuits. His mother’s deep Presbyterian roots and his father’s involvement in the Episcopal Church created a complex religious environment that influenced his academic trajectory and social interactions. The intellectually elite culture surrounding him encouraged a pursuit of knowledge but also laid the groundwork for his eventual critique of modernist thought in Protestantism. The juxtaposition of his traditional background with the progressive movements of his time created a nuanced perspective on faith and reason.
The Conflict with Theological Liberalism
Machen’s growing recognition of the dangers of theological liberalism fueled his eventual dissent against the prevailing trends within the Northern Presbyterian Church. He initially sought to reconcile modern critical approaches to the Scriptures with his faith, but as liberalism began to dominate the theological landscape, he concluded that it represented an entirely different religion. Works like 'Christianity and Liberalism' crystallized his arguments against liberal theology, highlighting his belief that such movements sacrificed core Christian doctrines. This conflict with liberal ideals ultimately culminated in Machen's departure from the mainstream Presbyterian establishment, as he founded Westminster Theological Seminary and the Orthodox Presbyterian Church.
Machen's Legacy and Continuing Influence
Machen's firm stance against liberalism resonated within conservative evangelical circles, establishing him as a key figure for those defending traditional Christian orthodoxy. The clarity with which he articulated the differences between orthodox Christianity and liberal theology has influenced contemporary discussions about faith and culture. His writings continue to serve as foundational texts for understanding the challenges and responses of evangelicalism to modernity. As new generations grapple with similar theological debates, Machen’s thoughts remain relevant, prompting reflection on the enduring tension between faith and the evolving intellectual landscape.
This is Thinking in Public, a program dedicated to intelligent conversation about frontline theological and cultural issues with the people who are shaping them.
In this edition of the popular podcast series “Thinking in Public,” Albert Mohler speaks with Executive Director & Managing Editor of Theology Matters, Richard Burnett. They discuss his latest book, “Machen’s Hope: The Transformation of a Modernist in the New Princeton.” If you enjoyed this episode of Thinking in Public, you can find many more of these conversations here. You can purchase “Machen’s Hope” here.
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