Riots erupted in the Panama Canal Zone in 1964 over the demand to fly the Panamanian flag, exposing deep-seated tensions rooted in American imperialism. The violent protests showcased the socio-economic divides between local Panamanians and U.S. residents. As the conflict escalated, it shattered diplomatic relations and sparked a reexamination of U.S.-Panama treaty negotiations. The conversation also touches on contemporary reflections of these events, questioning the implications of reclaiming the canal in today's political climate.
The 1964 riots in the Panama Canal Zone were ignited by a denied sovereignty issue symbolized by the U.S. flag only policy at a local school.
The aftermath shifted U.S. foreign policy and catalyzed Panama's movement towards independence from American control, impacting future treaty negotiations.
Deep dives
The Roots of Resentment: American Imperialism in Panama
In the early 20th century, the United States established control over the Panama Canal region through treaties that granted them significant authority over Panamanian territory. The Hays Treaty of 1903 allowed the U.S. to control a 10-mile-wide strip around the canal, essentially creating a U.S. territory within Panama. Over the years, this colonial setup fostered resentment among Panamanians, as they felt economically and socially marginalized while American citizens, referred to as 'Zonians,' enjoyed privileges and better living conditions. Such dynamics contributed to a growing dissatisfaction that simmered until the tensions erupted in 1964.
The Flag Incident: Catalyst for the 1964 Riots
The immediate cause of the 1964 riots stemmed from a denial of sovereignty symbolized by the flag issue at Balboa High School. When the school decided not to display the Panamanian flag alongside the U.S. flag, a group of local high school students organized a protest demanding its display. This protest was met with a counter-protest from Americans, escalating tensions that soon turned violent, involving police intervention and resulting in deaths. The event highlighted the deep-seated racial and class tensions rooted in American colonialism and served to crystallize the Panamanian demand for sovereignty.
Aftermath and Long-Term Consequences
The aftermath of the riots revealed significant international repercussions for U.S. foreign policy in the region, as other allies criticized America's actions in its colonial territories. In the wake of the riots, Panama embarked on a path toward asserting its control over the Canal, a process that would culminate in a treaty negotiated under President Jimmy Carter, establishing a timeline for the U.S. withdrawal by 1999. However, these events also spurred a leftward shift in Panamanian politics, with rising anti-U.S. sentiments and the emergence of more radical factions. Ultimately, the riots marked a pivotal moment in Panama's struggle for independence and highlighted the complexities of U.S.-Latin American relations during the Cold War.
It's January 9th. This day in 1964, riots broke out in the U.S.-controlled Panama Canal Zone over the flying of a Panamanian flag alongside the U.S. flag at a local High School.
Jody, Niki, and Kellie discuss the roots of the tensions in the zone, and how these riots created a flashpoint that eventually led to renegotiations of the Panama Canal treaty, and return of the canal to local control. Plus: what to make of Trump's claims that he wants to get control back.
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Our team: Jacob Feldman, Researcher/Producer; Brittani Brown, Producer; Khawla Nakua, Transcripts; music by Teen Daze and Blue Dot Sessions; Audrey Mardavich is our Executive Producer at Radiotopia