The podcast explores the complex history of Yemen, focusing on President Ali Abdullah Saleh's challenge in governing a divided country. It covers topics such as the emotional impact of the union between North and South Yemen, Saleh's dilemma in choosing between admiration for Saddam Hussein and alliance with Saudi Arabia, the economic collapse and civil war, the influence of Salafism, and the rise of the Houthi movement. The podcast unravels the fractured relationships and conflicts that ultimately led to the Arab Spring and civil war in Yemen.
The Houthi movement in Yemen gained popularity through their Zaidi revivalist movement and opposition to the Republic's political system, growing stronger through multiple wars and anti-American sentiment.
Ali Abdullah Saleh initially supported the Houthis as a means to neutralize threats within his military, but eventually turned against them, leading to his downfall.
Iran played a significant role in supporting and training the Houthis, which created tensions with Saudi Arabia and contributed to the fractured political landscape in Yemen.
Deep dives
The Rise of the Houthi Movement
The Houthi movement emerged in Yemen in the early 2000s, led by Hussein al-Houthi and later his brother Abdul-Malik al-Houthi. Influenced by Iranian and Hezbollah models, the Houthis gained popularity through their Zaidi revivalist movement and opposition to the Republic's political system. Ali Abdullah Saleh initially saw them as a counterbalance to growing Salafism, but as pressure from the US increased, he turned against them. Multiple wars were waged between the Houthis and the Yemeni government, allowing the Houthis to grow stronger and gain support in the North. The Houthis' anti-American and anti-Israeli rhetoric resonated with some, and their battle-hardened capabilities increased over time.
Ali Abdullah Saleh's Strategy
Ali Abdullah Saleh saw the Houthis as a means to neutralize threats within his own military, particularly those who posed a challenge to his son succeeding him as president. He sought to exhaust the Houthis and keep them fighting against Salafi groups in the North. Despite his initial support, Saleh eventually turned against them and launched multiple wars. This strategy failed as the Houthis grew stronger and Ali Abdullah Saleh's relationship with key military leaders fractured, leading to his downfall.
The Influence of Iran and Saudi Arabia
Iran played a significant role in supporting and training the Houthis, viewing them as a potential ally in the region. The Houthis were inspired by the Hezbollah model and received military assistance from Iran, including weapons and training. This created tensions with Saudi Arabia, especially after the Houthis shelled Saudi territories. The Saudis intervened with a bombing campaign against the Houthis, further escalating the conflict. This complex geopolitical situation compounded the already fractured political landscape in Yemen.
Fractures Within Yemen
The conflicts between the Houthis and the Yemeni government revealed deep divisions within Yemen's military and tribal factions. Ali Abdullah Saleh's attempts to keep various factions satisfied while also suppressing his opponents ultimately backfired. The rise of the Houthis coincided with growing discontent with Saleh's authoritarian rule, as well as cultural and religious tensions between Zaidi and Salafi ideologies. The stage was set for a broader conflict that would explode during the Arab Spring.
The Legacy of Hussein al-Houthi
Hussein al-Houthi played a crucial role in the formation and rise of the Houthi movement. His radicalization, influenced by Iranian and Hezbollah ideals, inspired a more militant approach within the movement. After his death, his younger brother Abdul-Malik al-Houthi took over as the leader of the Houthis, guiding them through subsequent wars and consolidating their power in the North. The Houthis' ability to fight off repeated military assaults and their resilience helped pave the way for their eventual control of the North and their emergence as a major player in Yemen's ongoing civil war.
Ali Abdullah Saleh, the president of Yemen from 1990 - 2012, described the process of governing Yemen as akin to “Dancing on the heads of snakes”. Such were the profound splits in Yemeni society, and with other strongmen, tribes and insurgent groups vying for their own power, Saleh knew that to keep his newly unified country together from the 1990s onwards would take a dance of real precision.
In this second episode of our five part series on the history of Yemen, we find out if Saleh was nimble enough to hold onto power as the vipers beneath him began to show their force. From the civil war of the 1990s to the rise of the insurgent Houthis in the 2000s, we cover the period from 1990-2010, to see how these divisions in Yemeni society would ultimately lead to the civil war which continues to ravage the country today.
And to help us on our way, we welcome back our first ever guest Baraa Shaiban, a Yemeni journalist and political activist, who this week tells us about his extraordinary first hand account of growing up alongside the growing Houthi insurgency in northern Yemen.
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