Free Choice in Early Modern Reformed Thought with Layne Hancock and Michael Lynch

New Essays on Human Understanding is a philosophical work by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, responding to John Locke's An Essay Concerning Human Understanding. Leibniz critiques Locke's empiricist views, arguing that the mind is not merely a blank slate but possesses innate ideas and principles. The book explores the nature of knowledge, perception, and the role of reason in human understanding. Leibniz introduces his concept of 'monads,' simple, indivisible substances that reflect the universe from their own unique perspectives. New Essays on Human Understanding is a comprehensive exploration of epistemology and metaphysics, contributing significantly to the development of rationalist philosophy.

string

In 'Freedom of the Will,' Jonathan Edwards delves into the philosophical and theological debates surrounding free will, determinism, and moral agency. He critiques the Arminian notion of libertarian freedom, arguing that every act of the will has a cause and that true freedom consists in acting according to one's own choice without external constraint, rather than in an indifferent or self-determining will. Edwards defends the Calvinist view, using biblical and philosophical arguments to explain concepts such as moral necessity, natural necessity, and the connection between the will and the understanding. The book is known for its rigorous philosophical reasoning and detailed explanations of complex theological issues.

string

string

Written between 413-426 CE, 'The City of God' is a response to pagan claims that the sack of Rome by barbarians was a consequence of the abolition of pagan worship by Christian emperors. Augustine argues that Christianity saved the city from complete destruction and that Rome’s fall was due to internal moral decay. The book divides humanity into two metaphorical cities: the City of God, characterized by devotion to God, and the City of Man, characterized by self-love. It also outlines Augustine’s theological interpretation of human history, from the Creation to the Second Coming of Christ, and critiques paganism and pagan philosophy while presenting the true history of the City of God.