Ryan and Todd dissect Immanuel Kant's philosophy, exploring its influence on psychoanalytic thought and filmmakers like David Lynch. They discuss Kant's approach to metaphysical freedom, Lacan's Quilting Point concept, and the distinction between 'thinking' and 'cognizing'. The conversation touches on Kant's radical ideas, the challenges of interpreting his works, and the application of Kantian concepts in real-life scenarios.
Kant shifts metaphysics by focusing on subjectivity over object world, akin to Copernican revolution.
Kant distinguishes between cognizing appearances and thinking the thing in itself, reconciling limits of understanding.
Kant's emphasis on grounding experiences while acknowledging limits redefines metaphysics and addresses the scandal of philosophy.
Deep dives
Kant's Copernican Revolution in Metaphysics and the Emphasis on Subjectivity
Kant introduces a Copernican revolution into metaphysics by shifting the emphasis from the object world to subjectivity. He compares it to Copernicus' discovery that it is the Earth that moves, not the celestial bodies. Kant's focus on subjectivity is evident in his widespread use of the term 'subject.' He believes that our understanding of the world is shaped by our own cognitive processes, and he argues that we can only think about appearances but not the thing in itself. By recognizing the limits of our cognition, Kant solves metaphysical problems by acknowledging that we cannot fully grasp the unconditioned or the transcendent.
The Distinction between Cognition and Thinking
Kant makes a distinction between cognition (air-cannon), which refers to knowing or cognizing something, and thinking (danken), which is simply thinking without gaining knowledge about the thing itself. He argues that we can cognize our appearances, gaining knowledge about how they relate, but we can only think the thing in itself, recognizing that it exists but without being able to know anything about its nature. This distinction helps Kant reconcile the existence of the thing in itself with our limited understanding.
The Grounding of Metaphysics and Kant's Limitations
Kant's metaphysics revolves around the grounding of our being and the conditions for the possibility of experience. He seeks to understand what grounds our experiences and shapes the possibilities of knowledge. However, Kant acknowledges that there are limits to our understanding. While we can cognize our experiences, we cannot go beyond and fully comprehend the thing in itself or the transcendent. This recognition of our limitations leads Kant to redefine metaphysics and solve metaphysical problems by focusing on the transcendental, what conditions our experience, instead of the transcendent, what lies beyond our experience.
Kant's attempt to solve the scandal of philosophy
Kant's goal in writing the Critique of Pure Reason was to address the scandal of philosophy, which is the lack of proof for the existence of external things. He believes that by reducing our experience to appearances and establishing the categories that govern our understanding, he can provide a proof for the existence of external things. However, some argue that Kant's emphasis on subjectivity and the limit of knowledge actually exacerbates the problem. Heidegger, for example, criticizes Kant for trying to find proof for external things and argues that our being in the world is inseparable from our experience.
Kant's limits and the importance of understanding them
Kant's metaphysical framework introduces the concepts of appearances and things in themselves, highlighting the limits of human knowledge. These limits serve a purpose, preventing a complete relativism where everyone's subjective perspectives are considered equally valid. Kant distinguishes between what can be known through our intuitions and what lies beyond our conceptual understanding. By defining these limits and emphasizing objectivity within the structure of subjectivity, Kant attempts to counter the notion that truth is solely based on subjective perception. Understanding why Kant places these limits allows us to appreciate the importance of his critique and the boundaries it establishes for our understanding of reality.
Ryan and Todd begin their analysis of Immanuel Kant's Critique of Pure Reason by working through the prefaces to the first and second edition of the work. They focus on the radicality of Kant's breakthrough and the role that the limit plays in his philosophy.
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