History 7: The Great Depression, the New Deal and how it changed our economy
Aug 21, 2024
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Delve into the transformative era of the Great Depression as it reshapes government and business relations. Discover the catastrophic stock market crash of 1929 and hear personal tales of struggle amid rampant unemployment. Learn how FDR's bold decisions shifted the economic landscape by dropping the gold standard, sparking confidence in banks. Explore the rise of labor unions through pivotal strikes and their lasting impact on wages and workforce empowerment. Finally, grasp the essence of fiat currency and Keynesian economics in modern financial stability.
The Great Depression was precipitated by consumer debt, wealth inequality, and a fragile market structure that culminated in the 1929 stock market crash.
President Roosevelt's abandonment of the gold standard allowed for New Deal policies that successfully stimulated economic recovery through increased government spending and investment.
Deep dives
The Roots of the Great Depression
The Great Depression emerged from a confluence of factors, including rampant consumer and government debt, which accumulated during the 1920s economic boom. A significant issue was the prevailing economic philosophy of laissez-faire capitalism, advocating minimal government intervention in the economy, leading to unchecked financial practices. Additionally, wealth inequality created a fragile market structure, setting the stage for a collapse when the stock market began to fail in 1929. Consequently, these underlying problems, alongside an oversaturated market, coalesced to facilitate the onset of the worst economic crisis in modern history.
The Impact of the Gold Standard
The gold standard, which pegged currencies to gold, became an obstacle during the Great Depression, as it limited governments' ability to respond to economic crises. Investors became increasingly anxious, leading to a rush to exchange paper currency for gold, thereby draining central banks of their reserves. In the face of rampant unemployment and failing banks, raising interest rates to maintain the gold standard only exacerbated the downturn, indicating that traditional economic practices were failing. As the crisis deepened, central banks were reluctantly forced to abandon the gold standard to allow for monetary expansion, providing the necessary flexibility to stimulate their economies.
FDR's Bold Economic Strategies
President Franklin D. Roosevelt's decision to detach the U.S. from the gold standard marked a pivotal shift in economic policy, allowing for the implementation of his New Deal initiatives. By transitioning to a fiat currency system, the government focused on stimulating economic growth through increased spending and investment in public programs. Roosevelt's strategy aimed to combat deflation and rejuvenate consumer confidence, recognizing that the economic landscape had irrevocably changed. With the government's newfound freedom to manipulate currency value and keep interest rates low, the economy began to recover, highlighting the effectiveness of unconventional policy measures in overcoming the depression.
Empowerment of Labor through the New Deal
The labor landscape shifted dramatically during and after the Great Depression, as workers sought to reclaim their rights amid devastating unemployment and wage declines. The New Deal contained provisions that encouraged labor unionization, paving the way for significant collective bargaining power among workers. A notable event was the sit-down strike at General Motors, which underscored the growing strength of industrial unions and ultimately led to improved labor relations. This era marked a golden age for unions, resulting in living wages and better working conditions that echoed throughout the American economy, enhancing the strength of the middle class.
When we last left the United States of America in our economic telling of history, it was the early 1900s and the country's leaders were starting to feel like they had the economic situation all figured out. Flash forward a decade or so, and the financial picture was still looking pretty good as America emerged from the first World War.
But then, everything came crashing down with the stock market collapse of 1929. Businesses closed, banks collapsed, one in four people was unemployed, families couldn't make rent, the economy was broken. And this was happening all over the world. Today we'll look at how leaders around the globe intervened to turn the international economy around, and in the process, how the Great Depression rapidly transformed the relationship between government and business forever.
This series is hosted by Robert Smith and produced by Audrey Dilling. Our project manager is Devin Mellor. This episode was edited by Planet Money Executive Producer Alex Goldmark and fact-checked by Sofia Shchukina.