Onora O'Neill, a prominent philosopher and Principal of Newnham College, Cambridge, dives into the delicate interplay between trust and terrorism. She discusses how trust can foster resilience but also lead to betrayal in times of fear. The conversation highlights the fragility of societal trust after trauma and its pivotal role in protecting democracy. O'Neill emphasizes the importance of recognizing responsibilities linked to rights and the power of small acts of defiance in rebuilding trust and governance post-conflict.
Trust is vital for healthy relationships but is easily undermined by betrayal and fear, especially in contexts affected by terrorism.
Rebuilding trust necessitates a shift towards active citizenship focused on fulfilling collective duties, as illustrated by historical movements for justice.
Deep dives
The Nature of Trust and Its Fragility
Trust is an essential aspect of human relationships, experienced in everyday situations from childhood to adulthood. It is inherently linked to the risk of disappointment, as trust can be given even in the absence of guarantees about reliability. Instances of misplaced trust lead to either virtuous or vicious spirals, where continual reciprocal trust can foster a positive environment, yet a breach can spiral into betrayal and mistrust. In dangerous times, the challenge of maintaining trust becomes amplified, especially in contexts affected by terrorism, where fear and intimidation break down communal bonds.
Terrorism's Erosion of Trust
Terrorism fundamentally undermines the conditions necessary for trust by instilling fear and perpetuating uncertainty within communities. The violent acts of terror, particularly those that are abrupt and unpredictable, create a landscape rife with anxiety, making it difficult for individuals to engage and trust one another. The aftermath of events like September 11 demonstrated how widespread fear could erode day-to-day trust in institutions and public safety, creating a climate where caution and mistrust prevail. In scenarios characterized by terror, the cycle of declining trust can lead to increased hostility and preemptive actions, further alienating communities.
The Interplay of Rights and Duties
Human rights are often discussed without a thorough examination of the duties required to uphold them, leading to a passive view of individuals merely as rights holders. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, while important, does not adequately address the corresponding duties and the practical means needed to ensure those rights. For rights to be effective, there must be an emphasis on the responsibilities of citizens and institutions, creating an ethical framework where each person's entitlements are balanced by their obligations to others. Without a clear understanding and commitment to duties, ideas of rights become hollow and fail to foster the trust necessary for democratic governance.
Building Trust Through Active Citizenship
Restoring trust in society requires individuals to shift from a passive outlook to one of active citizenship, recognizing their role in fulfilling duties towards one another. Small acts of defiance against injustice—refusing to endorse harmful narratives or lies—can initiate broader changes and a cultural shift towards trustworthiness. Historical examples, like those from Czechoslovakia's Velvet Revolution, illustrate how small courageous acts can inspire larger movements for justice and acknowledgment of shared humanity. Trust can be rebuilt by fostering environments where people challenge deceit and uphold honesty, encouraging a society where rights are respected through collective duties.
This year's Reith Lecturer is Onora O'Neill. She became Principal of Newnham College, Cambridge, in l992 and has chaired the Nuffield Council on Bioethics and the Human Genetics Advisory Commission. She is currently chair of the Nuffield Foundation and she has been President of the Aristotelian Society, and a member of the Animal Procedures (Scientific) Committee. In 1999 she was made a life peer as Baroness O'Neill of Bengarve, and sits as a crossbencher. She has written widely on political philosophy and ethics, international justice, bioethics and the philosophy of Immanuel Kant.
Onora O'Neill examines the search for justice in conditions where the basis for trust, is threatened by violence and intimidation. Trust often is reciprocal and when it is, we have virtuous spirals. However, trust can also open the door to betrayal, and betrayal leads to mistrust which in turn creates vicious spirals. In the most extreme situations where danger and terror undermine trust, it starts spiralling downwards and we might lose it all together.
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