Explore the distinction between idolatry and iconography with examples from pagan, Israelite, and Christian perspectives. Delve into the power of symbols and allegory in conveying spiritual truths and the significance of veneration versus worship in Orthodox iconography. Uncover the evolution of pagan iconography from early settlements to bull worship. Discuss the prohibition of depicting God the Father in Orthodox iconography and the challenges of correcting incorrect icons in churches.
Icons depicting God the Father were historically common despite objections.
Early Christian iconography challenges the idea of Christianity being iconoclastic compared to Judaism.
Archaeological findings show continuity of iconography from Judaism to early Christianity.
Veneration through iconography involves respect, not idolatry, and belief in wonder-working icons.
Deep dives
Pagan Iconography and the Presence of God the Father in Icons
In ancient times, the depiction of God the Father in Orthodox iconography was not uncommon, despite rules against it. Icons showing an old white man with a beard representing God the Father, Christ, and the Holy Spirit have been found in various places, including Meteora and Athens. While these depictions may violate certain canons, the responsibility for addressing such issues typically falls on church authorities rather than individual parishioners. Icons with disputed depictions, such as those of God the Father, may exist due to historical traditions and interpretations that have evolved over time.
Continuity with Jewish Iconography
Early Christians continued the use of iconography found in Second Temple Jewish synagogues, depicting figures and events from the Hebrew Scriptures but adding iconic Christian figures like Jesus, Mary, and saints. The presence of iconography in early Christian churches challenges the notion of Christianity being iconoclastic compared to Judaism.
Dura Europos Synagogue and House Church
Excavations at Dura Europos revealed a synagogue from AD 244 and a house church from AD 235, both adorned with elaborate iconography. The synagogue depicts scenes from the Hebrew Scriptures, while the house church features Christian iconography, disproving the assumption of early Christian iconoclasm.
Distinct from Idolatrous Practices
In contrast to idolatrous practices found in Mithraic and other cult sites in Dura Europos, the synagogue and house church use iconography for religious worship without engaging in idolatry. The presence of iconography in Christian worship spaces challenges modern iconoclastic arguments.
Archaeological Evidence
Archaeological findings at Dura Europos demonstrate the continuity of iconography usage from Second Temple Judaism to early Christianity in places of worship. The visual representations depict religious narratives and figures, emphasizing the religious significance of iconography across different faith traditions.
Iconography's Origins in Syria and Spread to Christian Churches
Iconography originated in Syria in the third century and then spread to various Christian churches globally, including those not in communion with each other. Despite some objections, iconography became widespread, even reaching churches like the Church of the East and later Caledonian and non-Caledonian churches. The use of iconography, including stichatography, became prevalent and even Arians utilized it. This historical tradition signifies a significant aspect of Christian worship and symbolism.
Iconography as Veneration and the Misconception of Idolatry through Kissing and Wonder-Working Icons
Veneration through iconography involves actively viewing and paying due honor to symbols and figures representing faith. Kissing icons and showing respect through physical actions, like in the practice of saluting to a flag, is common across cultures. The act of kissing in icon veneration is distinct from worship and is a global gesture of respect rather than idolatry. The phenomenon of wonder-working icons, exemplified by icons emanating fragrant oil and facilitating healing miracles, underscores the belief that icons serve as conduits for God's love and power, challenging the misconception of idol worship.
What actually is a religious icon? How does it work? In this second episode of a two-part series, Fr. Stephen and Fr. Andrew look at iconography – pagan, Israelite, and Christian.
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