Susan A. Brewer, "The Best Land: Four Hundred Years of Love and Betrayal on Oneida Territory" (Three Hills, 2024)
Jan 12, 2025
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In this discussion featuring Alette Smeulers, a law professor specializing in mass violence, the complexities of perpetrators are unraveled. Smeulers examines the motivations behind mass atrocities, distinguishing between ideological 'fanatics' and psychologically troubled individuals. The conversation delves into personal backgrounds influencing violent behavior, while exploring concepts like compromised perpetrators and the psychological effects of violence. Smeulers emphasizes the importance of understanding these dynamics for accountability and prevention in both society and education.
Mass atrocities often involve ordinary individuals influenced by societal norms and situational pressures rather than inherently evil people.
Understanding the diverse motivations behind perpetrators' actions is essential for developing effective interventions to prevent future atrocities.
Deep dives
Understanding Perpetrators of Mass Atrocities
Most perpetrators of mass atrocities are ordinary people, challenging the notion that only inherently evil individuals commit such crimes. Research emphasizes that individuals are influenced by various factors such as obedience, ideology, and personal interests. The book seeks to provide nuance by categorizing different types of perpetrators, including fanatics driven by ideology and followers who conform out of obedience. This understanding helps to break down the simplistic view of perpetrators into a more complex classification that reflects the diversity of motivations behind their actions.
Defining Mass Atrocities
Mass atrocities encompass a range of extreme collective violence, primarily associated with political contexts such as genocide and crimes against humanity. The definition has evolved to also include acts of terrorism, expanding the scope of study beyond historical events to current issues. Alette's research addresses the difficulty in categorizing perpetrators due to a diverse range of backgrounds and motivations. Understanding these distinctions is crucial for comprehending the complexities of violence and its societal implications.
The Role of Environment and Society
The norms within a society play a significant role in shaping the behavior of individuals during mass atrocities, with many perpetrators being influenced by societal changes that dehumanize certain groups. This dehumanization often makes it easier for individuals to commit acts of violence against others. Individuals, such as those labeled as deranged, who may possess a predisposition toward violence, are distinguished from ordinary people who become perpetrators through situational pressures. The comparison highlights how societal influence can transform ordinary citizens into individuals capable of horrific acts.
Prevention and Implications for Society
Preventing mass atrocities involves understanding the different motivations behind perpetrator actions and tailoring interventions accordingly. Strategies may include improving mental health support to address the needs of potentially deranged individuals, fostering a culture of dissent against conformity to combat followers, and implementing strict regulations to prevent profiteering from violence. A significant takeaway is the necessity of educating individuals about the importance of speaking out against injustice and creating an environment where whistleblowers are protected. The ongoing discourse emphasizes the critical need for societal awareness to mitigate the risk of future atrocities.
The 9/11 attacks, as well as the ones in Madrid, London, Paris and Brussels; the genocides in Nazi Germany, Rwanda and Cambodia; the torture in dictatorial regimes; the wars in former Yugoslavia, Syria and Iraq and currently in Ukraine; the sexual violence during periods of conflict, all make us wonder: why would anyone do something like that? Who are these people?
Drawing on 30 years of research, Alette Smeulers explores the perpetrators of mass atrocities such as war crimes, crimes against humanity, genocide and terrorism. Examining questions of why people kill and torture and how mass atrocities can be explained, Smeulers presents a typology of perpetrators, with different ranks, roles and motives. Devoting one chapter to each type of perpetrator, Perpetrators of Mass Atrocities: Terribly and Terrifyingly Normal? (Routledge, 2023) combines insights from academic research with illustrative case studies of well-known perpetrators, from dictators to middlemen, to lower ranking officials and terrorists. Their stories are explored in depth as the book examines their behaviour and motivation. Perpetrators of Mass Atrocities thus provides a comprehensive understanding of the causes of extreme mass violence. Such knowledge not only can help the international criminal justice system to be able to attribute blame in a fairer way but can also assist in preventing such atrocities being committed on the current scale. Perpetrators of Mass Atrocities is essential reading for all those interested in war crimes, genocide, terrorism and mass violence.