Carl Jung published his book Psychological Types in 1921, introducing four functions of consciousness: thinking, feeling, sensation and intuition, and the two attitudes through which these four functions are deployed: introversion and extraversion.
Jung’s functions follow a fourfold structure, which is typical of the archetype of the Self. We are dealing with the archetype of the differentiation of consciousness, which helps you to become who you are meant to be. Jung combined function types and attitude types to describe, in turn, eight function-attitudes. These were the psychological types in Jung’s original description. However, very few of us, even among psychologists, can recognise the eight function-attitudes described by Jung.
Jungian psychologist John Beebe expands on Jung’s work on types, extending the fourfold model to an eightfold model of personality, as well as associating an archetype with each type. The first four archetypes are: the hero/heroine, the father/mother, the puer aeternus/puella aeterna, and the anima/animus. These are ego-syntonic, as they align harmoniously with the needs and goals of the ego. As for the other four function-attitudes, we enter the realm of the shadow, or the ego-dystonic personality, which includes: the opposing personality, the senex/witch, the trickster and the demonic/daimonic personality.
We may see these eight archetypes as different personalities within the vast theatre of the unconscious. They too have a role to play in our lives, seeking to express themselves outwardly. It is by integrating these archetypes of the collective unconscious that we truly become an individual. This process is at the heart of individuation. It is the journey of discovering your essence—who you were meant to be.
When an inner situation is not made conscious, it happens outside, as fate. If we do not gain control over the images within us, we run the risk of them gaining control over us.
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📚 Recommended Reading
▶ C.W. Vol. 6: Psychological Types – Carl Jung
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▶ Energies and Patterns in Psychological Type – John Beebe
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▶ Lectures on Jung's Typology – M.L. von Franz and James Hillman
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▶ Personality Types: Jung's Model of Typology – Daryl Sharp
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⌛ Timestamps
0:00 Introduction
4:55 Consciousness is the Human Being’s Flower
6:14 The Eight Function-Attitudes
7:08 Extraverted Thinking
9:03 Extraverted Feeling
10:36 Extraverted Sensation
12:11 Extraverted Intuition
13:37 Introverted Thinking
16:08 Introverted Feeling
18:37 Introverted Sensation
20:46 Introverted Intuition
22:35 The Most Difficult Types
23:26 A Dinner Party with the Types
25:00 Energies and Patterns in Psychological Type
27:16 The Eight-Function, Eight-Archetype Model
32:12 Hero/Heroine
33:20 Father/Mother
35:06 Puer Aeternus/Puella Aeterna
36:40 Anima/Animus
40:46 Opposing Personality
42:41 Senex/Witch
45:41 Trickster
47:11 Demonic/Daimonic Personality
49:32 Conclusion