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Is Industrialization Inevitable?
If you look at this like it looks like human population has been growing hyper exponentially. But if you look at how things are developing and say the Ottoman Empire or the Mughal Empire and Qing Dynasty China, they don't necessarily look like they're on the cusp of an industrial revolution. It's not clear that if Europe would have suddenly disappeared or whatever, the Ottomans were like 100 years off inventing steam engines. The harder is to know whether this is like linear or exponential or just flat.