The Difference Between a Casual Determinist and a Naturalist

Despite Schopenhauer's anti-reductionism and vitalism, he can be a complete causal determinist in our contemporary sense. And still say, look, force is not a phenomenon. It's not part of the world of representation, and it lies outside of it. He says that if you didn't have the account of the will, then you'd have a mechanism built on empty air. To actually understand, you'd have to bring in the will into the story.