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Life Expectancy in the Roman Empire
Sir Calien argues that climate and disease played a much greater part in what happens to the roman world than we previously thought. Life expectancy in pre industrial times, under the best of circumstances, as you know, around 30. And in the roman empire, we think it was probably more like in the mid twenties. So even in times when there's not some devastating pendemic? Ah, just the material reality of life is very hard. These societies are just living on the biological edge. Mortality is always, its ubiquitous, its unpredictable in a society where most people die of infectious disease.