What

did past studies on under representation of women in us. And european institutions reveal? People

have looked at this over the last two decades or so. They have carried out surveys for quite a while, and they're quite informative. You can see that things haven't changed that much as we would have thought. So first of all, we know that there's a leaky pipe line. And what we mean with leaky pipe line is that there are more women who begin phd. Studi as 50 50, roughly men and women. And then ther's even by now, roughly 50 % of phd ts are women. But then the higher you get in the academic hierarchy, the less women you have. And traditionally we have said this is probably owing to the fact that finding the right balance between work and families very difficult. And often men don't take the fair share of household chorce and family care. Second, there has been a lot of work on implicit biasese in the hiring of women. So women are some held to different standards in hiring, but also in evaluating women's work. For instance, in co authorships with men, women tend to get less credit for what they have done, as revealed by their career achievements. And there's a cultural problem. Economics has very specific culture, in the sense that in our field, it's very much about the top five international journals and thet maybe the top field journals. If you don't into these, your career will suffer. And the problem is, in order to get into this, yu need visibility. You get visibility through the top conferences, through invitations to the top places where youe going to meet the referees and editors. And women often don't have access to the same kind of networks that then give you access to the conference and assures this kind of visibility. The culture also tends to be very competitive. And the good news is that many institutions are now working against this code of conduct. Have been implemented in many good places, and that helps, i think.