Challenging Assumptions for Breakthrough Innovations

A software engineer grabbed a random word from a dictionary – “beehive” – and within hours designed an algorithm that saved his company millions. While his colleagues were working harder, he was thinking differently.

This breakthrough didn't come from luck. It came from lateral thinking – a systematic approach to finding solutions hiding in plain sight.

I'm Phil McKinney and welcome to my Innovation Studio. In this episode, we will cover the lateral thinking framework. Not theory – a practical, step-by-step system you can use immediately. You'll try your first technique in the next five minutes. By the end of this episode, you'll have four specific techniques that transform how you approach problems, plus practice methods that make mastery inevitable.

And hey, if this kind of framework thinking resonates with you, then hit that subscribe and like button. It helps us with the algorithm. If you want to dive deeper into these topics, then subscribe to my Studio Notes on Substack. Plus, if you know someone who might find this episode useful, feel free to share it with them.

Alright, let's dive in.

Here's what most people miss: breakthrough solutions don't come from thinking faster or working longer. They come from thinking differently. While everyone else improves using existing tools and approaches, lateral thinkers reimagine entire problems.

For example, Southwest Airlines didn't create a better airline experience – they reimagined air travel as mass transportation. Tesla didn't build superior cars – they re-conceptualized personal mobility around sustainable energy. These companies succeeded by approaching familiar challenges through completely different frameworks.

The question isn't whether you're smart enough to solve problems – you are. The question is whether you're willing to disrupt your thinking patterns to discover solutions that conventional logical approaches miss.

But here's where most people get lateral thinking completely wrong, and understanding this distinction will determine whether you develop breakthrough capabilities or just become better at brainstorming…

Lateral Thinking vs Linear Thinking

What is the distinction between Linear and Lateral thinking? When faced with a problem, most people use linear thinking – they analyze what's wrong and optimize within existing frameworks. It's logical, sequential, and focuses on improving current approaches.

Lateral thinking does something completely different. Instead of improving what exists, it changes how you perceive the problem itself.

Let me illustrate the difference with a single example. When customers complained about long wait times, linear thinking said, “Make the elevators faster.” Lateral thinking asked, “What if waiting wasn't the real problem?” The solution? Install mirrors next to elevators. People stopped complaining because they were distracted, not because waits got shorter.

Linear thinking improved the elevator. Lateral thinking eliminated the problem by changing what the problem actually was.

This is Dr. Edward de Bono‘s systematic method for shifting perceptions entirely. As he explained: “To find breakthrough solutions, change where you're looking, not just how hard you're looking.”

The challenge isn't that people lack creativity – it's that they don't have systematic methods for breaking free from mental patterns that limit them. Lateral thinking offers specific techniques for generating what de Bono referred to as “movement” in thinking.

When everyone in your industry follows similar approaches, breakthrough opportunities emerge for those who think differently. While competitors optimize existing methods, lateral thinkers discover entirely different approaches.

This operates on four distinct levels that build systematic capabilities. The progression from beginner to expert follows a pattern that will surprise you…

The Four-Level Mastery Framework

The lateral thinking framework has four progressive levels. Here's a quick overview of each so you have context before we explore them each in detail.

Level One: Suspend Judgment and Break Patterns – Your foundation level. You'll learn to deliberately disrupt automatic thinking responses and embrace ideas that seem absurd. This creates the mental environment where breakthrough solutions can emerge.

Level Two: Random Input for Forced Connections – Intermediate level. You'll use systematic provocations to force your brain into unfamiliar territory. This isn't random creativity – it's controlled disruption that bypasses your brain's tendency to look for solutions in familiar places.

Level Three: Challenge Sacred Assumptions – Advanced thinking. You'll systematically examine and reverse the fundamental premises everyone else takes for granted. This is about creating “movement” in thinking by making the familiar strange.

Level Four: Embrace Deliberate Absurdity – Expert level. You'll find breakthrough solutions by seriously exploring ideas that seem obviously wrong. This isn't about being silly – it's about using absurdity as a systematic tool for discovering hidden insights.

Quick Demo: Before we dive deep, let's try one technique. Think of any current challenge you're facing. Now grab the nearest object – a pen, coffee mug, your phone, anything. Spend thirty seconds asking: “How is this object like my problem?” Force weird connections.

A pen runs out of ink – maybe your problem needs fresh input. A coffee mug holds liquid – maybe your challenge needs a container or boundary. Your phone connects people – maybe your issue needs better communication.

Notice how this random object sparked different angles? That's lateral thinking in action. This was just a taste – each level has systematic techniques that amplify this effect.

Here's what's powerful about this progression. You don't need to master all four levels to see dramatic results. Level One techniques alone can solve problems that teams couldn't crack in weeks. But when you combine all four levels, you develop innovation confidence – the unshakeable belief that creative solutions exist for every problem.

But the real power comes from developing what I call “innovation confidence” – the systematic ability to find creative solutions when conventional approaches hit dead ends.

Ready to transform how you approach problems? Let's start with Level One, but I need to warn you – what seems like the simplest technique often produces the most unexpected breakthroughs…

Level 1: Pattern Breaking Techniques

Your brain is a pattern-recognition machine. It looks for familiar situations and applies solutions that worked before. This efficiency usually helps, but when facing new problems, these patterns become invisible barriers that prevent you from finding new solutions.

Level One breaks these patterns systematically. Here are three specific techniques:

Technique One: Change Your Routine Disrupt both your thinking environment and daily patterns. Your brain associates thought patterns with specific locations and routines. If you always brainstorm in the same conference room, you'll have the same types of ideas.

Southwest Airlines used this brilliantly. Instead of studying airlines, they studied bus transportation. This environmental change broke their mental patterns about air travel. They discovered point-to-point routes, eliminated assigned seating, removed meal service, and focused on quick turnarounds. Every innovation came from thinking like a bus company, not an airline.

You can apply this by changing where you tackle problems, taking different routes to work, using your non-dominant hand for simple tasks, or changing when you tackle challenging problems during the day. These disruptions create mental flexibility that carries over into creative problem-solving.

Technique Two: Question Core Assumptions Write down three assumptions about your current challenge. Then ask, “What if the opposite were true?” Most problems have hidden assumptions we never examine.

Example: Improving customer service. Your assumptions might be that customers want fast responses, prefer human interaction, and contact you when problems occur.

Consider this: What if customers prefer thoughtful responses over fast ones? What if they choose good self-service over poor human service? What if you could help customers before problems arise?

Suddenly, you're thinking about proactive support, comprehensive self-service resources, and quality over speed. These insights come from questioning assumptions everyone else accepts.

Technique Three: Time-Box the Impossible Spend ten minutes seriously considering solutions that seem impossible. Often “impossible” means “we haven't figured out how yet.”

Amazon's same-day delivery seemed impossible until they reimagined warehousing. SpaceX's reusable rockets seemed impossible until they questioned whether rockets had to be disposable. What seems impossible in your field might just need different thinking.

Pattern breaking works because it forces your brain out of automatic mode. But what happens when you want to accelerate this process dramatically? The next level introduces something so counterintuitive that it seems almost absurd – until you see what it can create…

Level 2: Random Input Technique

Level Two introduces controlled randomness that forces breakthrough connections. You'll learn to make your brain create links it would never make naturally.

This technique created Post-it Notes at 3M. A scientist had a “failed” adhesive that barely stuck. A colleague needed better bookmarks for his church hymnal. The random collision of these unrelated problems sparked repositionable sticky notes – now generating over a billion dollars annually.

The Process:

Step One: Define your challenge in one clear sentence. Be specific.

Step Two: Generate random input. Open a book to a random page and point to a word, use online random word generators, or grab three random objects around you.

Step Three: Force connections. Spend fifteen minutes finding ways to connect your random input to your challenge. No connection is too weird. The stranger, the better.

Real Example: Challenge: “Reduce employee turnover” Random word: “Garden”

Connections: Gardens need regular watering – employees need consistent check-ins. Gardens grow better with proper soil – work environment matters. Gardens require pruning dead parts – eliminate toxic behaviors. Gardens have seasonal cycles – adjust expectations based on business rhythms.

These random connections lead to employee development programs, environmental improvements, cultural changes, and seasonal workflow adjustments. None of these insights came from traditional HR thinking.

Why This Works: Random inputs bypass your brain's tendency to look for solutions in familiar places. They force neural pathways that wouldn't connect naturally. Breakthrough solutions often hide in unexpected combinations.

Which level is clicking for you so far? Pattern breaking or random connections? Both build the foundation for what's coming next…

Before we go deeper, let's practice what you just learned. Pick that same challenge from earlier. Now try a different Level 2 approach: grab any book, open to a random page, and point to a word. Spend one minute connecting that word to your problem. What new angles emerge? This compound effect – layering techniques – is where breakthrough thinking lives.

The Random Input Technique accelerates breakthrough thinking by forcing neural pathways that wouldn't connect naturally. But there's something even more powerful waiting in Level Three—a method that challenges the very foundations everyone else builds their solutions on…

Level 3: Challenge Sacred Assumptions

Level Three challenges the assumptions that others take for granted. This is where lateral thinking becomes powerful – you'll start seeing opportunities that are invisible to your competition.

Netflix used “What If” thinking to transform entertainment. In 2007, they dominated DVD-by-mail with seven million subscribers. The industry assumed customers wanted to own movies, physical media provided the best quality, and broadband was too slow for streaming.

Netflix challenged every assumption: What if customers didn't want to own movies? What if delivery delays were barriers, not services? What if broadband became fast enough? Most radically: What if we cannibalized our own successful business?

These questions led to streaming launch in 2007. Today, Netflix has over 240 million subscribers, generating $31 billion annually, while competitors who didn't question assumptions have disappeared.

The Process:

Step One: List your core assumptions. These are things “everyone knows” are true in your field.

Step Two: Reverse each assumption completely. If customers want speed, ask “What if they preferred thoughtful slowness?” If more choices seem better, ask “What if fewer choices improved satisfaction?”

Step Three: Push to extremes and chain your questions. What if this took ten times longer? What if resources were unlimited? Take your best scenario and ask What If about that result. Keep pushing until you reach uncomfortable territory.

The biggest breakthroughs come when you challenge assumptions that feel fundamental– like rules.

“What If” thinking reveals hidden opportunities within your assumptions. However, the most counterintuitive breakthroughs often come from an approach that seems to violate common sense entirely, which brings us to the expert level that turns logic on its head…

Level 4: Embrace Deliberate Absurdity

Level Four is expert-level lateral thinking that embraces deliberate absurdity. You'll find breakthrough solutions by doing exactly the opposite of what seems logical. It sounds counterintuitive because it is – and that's precisely why it works.

IKEA revolutionized furniture by providing what seemed like terrible customer service. Instead of delivering assembled furniture, they made customers assemble it themselves. This reversed every industry assumption: customers would work instead of receiving convenience, invest time instead of getting immediate use.

The “backward” approach revealed hidden benefits: dramatically reduced shipping costs, minimal storage requirements, lower prices, and, surprisingly, customer satisfaction from successful assembly. What seemed like terrible service became a competitive advantage. IKEA now generates €38 billion annually.

The Process:

Step One: List how your industry typically handles similar challenges. Write down the conventional wisdom everyone follows.

Step Two: Reverse each approach completely. If your industry emphasizes speed, consider slowness. If everyone wants more features, consider fewer features.

Step Three: Explore the reversals seriously. Don't dismiss opposites immediately. Look for unexpected advantages in seemingly wrong approaches. Sometimes, the best solutions hide behind what appear to be terrible ideas.

Real Example: Dollar Shave Club did opposite thinking with razors. While the industry focused on premium features, advanced technology, and retail partnerships, Dollar Shave Club eliminated fancy features, used simple razors, and bypassed retail entirely by offering direct subscriptions.

Result: While major brands competed on blade technology and premium positioning, Dollar Shave Club captured a massive market share by doing everything the industry thought was wrong—and sold for $1 billion.

The most counterintuitive solutions often hide in directions that make everyone else uncomfortable. Don't just think outside the box – think in the opposite direction of the box.

You now have four levels of lateral thinking techniques. Do you know hat separates people who learn these concepts from those who actually master them? A system of practice that transforms theory into instinctive capability…

The Practice System That Guarantees Mastery

The following two practice approaches transform lateral thinking from a conceptual understanding into an instinctive skill. Use them solo for breakthrough thinking or with colleagues for collaborative problem-solving.

Approach One: The Assumption-Breaking Generator This combines three powerful techniques for compound breakthroughs. Start with a real problem you're facing.

Step 1: List three core assumptions about your challenge – things “everyone knows” are true.

Step 2: Reverse each assumption completely. What if the opposite were true?

Step 3: Grab a random word (book, phone, ask someone) and force connections between that word and your reversed assumptions.

Example:

• Challenge = “Improve customer service”
• Assumptions: Customers want speed, prefer humans, contact us when problems occur.
• Reversals:
  • What if customers want thoughtfulness over speed?
  • What if they prefer self-service?
  • What if we helped before problems arise?
• Random word: “Garden” → Gardens need seasonal care = maybe customers need different support at different business cycles.

This creates insights you'd never reach with single techniques alone.

Approach Two: The Escalation Challenge Perfect for pushing “What If” thinking to breakthrough levels. Start with a real problem. Propose a “What If” scenario addressing it. Keep pushing ideas to more extreme territory until you say, “That's impossible… but what if we could?”

Example:

“What if customers never waited?” → “What if they were served before arriving?” → “What if we predicted needs before customers knew them?” Suddenly, you're thinking about predictive analytics and anticipatory service.

Practice Tips:

• Use real problems, not theoretical ones
• Start with 15-minute sessions
• The more ridiculous ideas become, the better
• Document insights immediately
• Practice daily for compound skill building
• Embrace absurdity – breakthroughs hide in impossible ideas

Your Practice Plan: Choose one approach. Apply it to a current challenge. Spend 15 minutes. Document what emerges. Try another approach tomorrow. Build lateral thinking into your regular problem-solving routine.

Practice transforms these techniques from interesting concepts into instinctive capabilities. The more you use them, the more naturally you'll see solutions others miss.

Conclusion

Now comes the moment of truth. You have the complete framework, but what you do next will determine whether this becomes just another interesting video you watched, or the beginning of a fundamental shift in how you approach every challenge you'll ever face.

Companies investing in lateral thinking see documented ROI from 5:1 to 20:1. Individual professionals show 300% increases in viable ideas. But the real value is personal transformation – becoming someone who consistently finds breakthrough solutions.

Your assignment is simple: pick one problem you're currently facing and apply one technique right now. Not later – right now. Start with whichever level feels most accessible. Document what happens.

Share your discoveries in the comments. What patterns did you break? What random connections led to insights? What assumptions proved wrong? Your examples help others see possibilities and build our breakthrough thinking community.

To learn how to master lateral thinking skills, listen to this week's show: How To Master Lateral Thinking Skills.

Get the tools to fuel your innovation journey → Innovation.Tools https://innovation.tools