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Set Up a Coordinate System
A simple and very convenient one is to set up a coordinate system. So at some point in space, you choose it to be the origin of your coordinates. You make coordinate axes like x, y, and z for example. And x might be going left, right. y might be going forward and backward. z might be going up and down. Three perpendicular directions in space. There's an x component to the vector, a y component, and a z component. If the force that we're pushing on happens to be lining up in exactly the same direction as the x axis, then the y component and the z component will be zero. They still exist, but their magnitudes are