I was taught in the mainstream of economics at the University of Chicago that utility well being is a function of stuff. And yet we know in real life, and this is what you were alluding to about agency and dignity,. If you don't have a good set of skills, if the only way you have access to stuff is through the government giving it to you, your quality of life is not the same as when you exercise those skills on your own. The families who are better for worse, the families who have lots of stuff already can push their children in directions. There's a hidden variable underlying the data is what you're suggesting but it's really about guidance, advice, molding
Economist and Nobel Laureate James Heckman of the University of Chicago talks about inequality and economic mobility with EconTalk host Russ Roberts. Drawing on research on inequality in Denmark with Rasmus Landerso, Heckman argues that despite the efforts of the Danish welfare state to provide equal access to education, there is little difference in economic mobility between the United States and Denmark. The conversation includes a general discussion of economic mobility in the United States along with a critique of Chetty and others' work on the power of neighborhood to determine one's economic destiny.